Doingaliteraturereviewhasbecomeanincreasinglyimportanttypeofresearchinrecentyearsastheneedtoprovideasynthesisofalltheresearchrelatingtoaparticulartopicisevermorecrucial.Thereasonsforthisarewelldescribed;nursesandhealthcareprofessionalsrelyonresearchtoprovideevidence-basedcare.Inmanyareas,thoughnotall,wearefortunateenoughtohavealargebodyofevidencewhichcaninformpractice.Ithaslongbeenacceptedthatitisnotpracticalforbusypractitionerstoreadeveryacademicpaperrelatingtotheirpractice;indeedsomehavetriedtocalculatehowlongthiswouldtakeandhavedemonstratedthatsuchataskisincompatiblewitheverydayduties(Fraser&Dunstan,2010).Furthermore,anyoneacademicpaperprovidesjustonepieceofajigsaw,itisimportanttoseethewholepictureofresearchratherthanrelyonjustonepiece.Thisiswhywellconductedliteraturereviewsaresoimportantindevelopinganevidence-basedapproachtocare.
Thereareanydifferentmethodsfordoingaliteraturereview.Oneofthemostestablishedmethodsistheoriginalmethodfordoingasystematicreviewandmeta-analysisdevelopedbytheCochraneCollaboration(Higginsetal.,2022).Theirmethodfordoingasystematicreviewandmeta-analysisiswidelyacceptedasthegoldstandardfordoingareviewofresearchthatexplores‘whatworks’,thatistoidentifyifinterventionordrugAisbetterthaninterventionordrugB.Giventhefocusofthesereviewquestions,theseCochraneCollaborationreviewscontainmainlyrandomizedcontrolledtrials.CochraneCollaborationreviewareoftenheraldedasoneofthegreatestinventionsofrecenttimesastheysummarizetheevidenceabouttheeffectivenessofacaretreatmentorinterventionandenableustoprovideoptimalcarebasedonsummariesofempiricalevidenceratherthanrelyingonexperienceortradition.Inadditiontointerventionreviews,othertypesofreviewsincludingdiagnostictestaccuracyandprognosisreviewsarenowpublished.
WhentheCochraneCollaborationwasestablishedin1993,methodsfordoingotherformsofliteraturereviews,forexampleofqualitativestudies,werealsounderdevelopmentbutwereintheirinfancy.Forexample,NoblitandHarepublishedtheirtextforthesynthesisofqualitativestudiesin1988.Thisearlymethodforsynthesizingqualitativemethodswasfollowedbyotherapproaches,forexampleWalshandDownein2005andThomasandHardenin2008.Ataroundthistime,WhittemoreandKnalfpublishedtheirwell-knownapproachtothesynthesisofdifferenttypesofresearchandnon-researchpapers,usinganintegrativereview(Whittemore&Knafl,2005).Thesepublishedapproachestodoingaliteraturereviewreflectjustafewmethodsthatareavailableforthosedoingaliteraturereview,whichhasabroaderscopethatidentifyingeffectivetreatmentsorinterventions.
AveyardandBradbury-Jones(2019)calledforclarityandconsolidationinthemethodsusedbyresearcherswhendoingaliteraturereview.Itwasfeltthatthemanydifferentnamesandapproachestodoingareviewispotentiallyconfusingforbothreadersandauthorsofreviews.Thisisespeciallysowhenareviewwasgivenanewnamewhichdidnotseemtocorrespondtoanexistingapproachandwherethemethodsusedwerenotclearlydescribed.Adherencetoapublishedmethodfordoingaliteraturereviewwasadvocatedtoensurethatauthorsbuildonandconsolidateexistingmethodsratherthandevelopfurtherapproacheswhichmightfurthercomplicatethefield.Detailedadherencewasalsorecommendedtoensurethatthosedoingareviewattendtoeachaspectofthereviewandprovidedetailtodemonstraterigour.Yetinmakingsuchrecommendations,wealsoneedtobemindfuloftheneedtoberesponsivetonewmethodsfordoingaliteraturereview,wherethesearejustifiedandwhichshouldnotbeprecludedbyrigidadherencetopre-specifiedmethods.
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进行文献综述有任何不同的方法。最成熟的方法之一是由CochraneCollaboration开发的系统评价和荟萃分析的原始方法（Higginsetal.,2022）。他们进行系统回顾和荟萃分析的方法被广泛接受为对探索“什么有效？”的研究进行回顾的黄金标准，即确定干预或药物A是否优于干预或药物B。作为这些综述问题的重点，这些CochraneCollaboration综述主要包含随机对照试验。CochraneCollaboration综述通常被誉为近期最伟大的发明之一，因为它们总结了有关护理治疗或干预有效性的证据，使我们能够根据经验证据的总结提供最佳护理，而不是依赖经验或传统。除了干预审查之外，现在还发布了其他类型的审查，包括诊断测试准确性和预后审查。
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