2、group烯基allylgroup烷氧基alkoxylgroup酰基acylgroup活性亚甲基activemethylenegroup2.有机化合物的类型烃hydrocarbon石蜡paraffin脂肪烃aliphatichydrocarbon烷烃alkane烯烃alkene炔烃alkyne共扼二烯烃conjugateddiene脂环烃alicyclichydrocarbon螺环化合物spirocompound桥环化合物bridgedringcompound芳烃aromatichydrocarbon非苯芳烃nonbenzenoida
3、romatichydrocarbon稠环芳烃condensedaromatics卤代烃halohydrocarbon醇alcohol酚phenol醚ether环氧化合物epoxide冠醚crownether硫醇thiol硫酚thiophenol硫醚sulfide二硫化物disulfide亚磺酸sulfinicacid磺酸sulfonicacid亚砜sulfoxide砜sulfone醛aldehyde酮ketone半缩醛hemiacetaI半缩酮hemiketal缩醛acetal缩酮ketal西佛碱shiffsbase肟oxime腙hy
4、drozone缩氨脲semicarbazone,-不饱和酮,-unsaturatedketone醌quinone羧酸carboxylicacid酰卤acidhalide酸酐acidanhydride酯ester酰胺amide內酯lactone内酰胺lactam月青nitrile取代酸substitutedacid羟基酸hydroxyacid醇酸alcoholicacid酚酸phenolicacid酮酸ketoacidB-酮酸酯B-ketoneester乙酰乙酸乙醋ethylacetoacetate亚硝基化合物nitrosocompou
5、nd硝基化合物njtrocompound亚胺imine胺amine伯胺primaryamine仲胺secondaryamine叔胺tertiaryamine季铵盐quaternaryammoniumsalt季铵碱quaternaryammoniumhydroxide重氮盐diazoniumsalt偶氮化合物azocompound胍guanidine氨基酸aminoacid磷phosphine磷酸酯phosphate亚磷酸酯phosphite膦酸酯phosphonate膦酸phosphonicacid3.杂环化合物吡咯pyrr
6、ol呋喃furane噻吩thiophone吲哚indole卟吩porphine咪唑imidazole噻唑thioazole吡啶pyridine喹啉quinoline异喹啉isoquinoline吡喃鎓盐pyryliumsalts黄酮flavone嘧啶pirimidine嘌呤purine4.有机天然产物肽peptide多肽polypeptide核酸nucleicacid核苷nucleoside核苷酸nucleotide生物碱alkaloid碳水化合物carbohydrate单糖monosaccharide醛糖aldoses酮糖ketosesD-
7、核糖riboseD-2-脱氧核糖deoxyribose葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose糖脎osazone糖苷glucoside低聚糖oligosaccharide麦芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose纤维二糖cellobiose环糊精cyclodextrin多糖polysaccharide淀粉starch纤维素cellulose类脂lipid萜类化合物terpenoid甾族化合物steroid脂肪fat油oil脂肪酸fattyacid甘油三羧酸酯triglyceride磷脂phospholipid磷脂酸phosphalidicacid蜡
8、wax5.有机化合物的结构理论价键理论valence-bondtheory分子轨道理论molecularorbitaltheory共振论resonancetheory凯库勒式Kekuleformula路易斯式Lewisformula键bond键bond键能bondenergy键角bondangle键长bondIength成键轨道bondingorbital反键轨道antibondingorbital最高已占轨道HOMOhighestoccupiedmolecularorbital最低末占轨道LUMOlowe
9、stunoccupiedmolecularorbital诱导效应inductiveeffect共轭效应conjugatedeffect,-共轭,-conjugationp,-共轭p,-conjugation超共轭作用hyperconjugation离域能delocalizationenergy共振能resonanceenergy给电子基团electrondonatinggroup吸电子基团electronwithdrawinggroup芳性aromaticity休克尔规律Huckelsrule两性离子Zwitterion6.有机化学
10、中的同分异构异构体isomer构造constitution构型configuration构象conformation构造异构constitutionalisomerism立体异构stereoisomerism构型异构configurationalisomerism顺反异构cis-transisomerism次序规则sequenceruIe同侧ZugammenZ异侧EntgegenE顺式cis反式trans对映异构enantiomerism=光学异构旋光异构opticalisomerism旋光性opticalact
11、ivity旋光度opticalrotation比旋光度specificrotation对称面planeofsymmetry对称中心centerofsymmetry对称轴axisofsymmetry手性chirality手性分子chiralmolecules对映异构体，对映体enantiomer非对映体diastereomer外消旋体raceme左旋体leveisomer右旋体dextroisomer内消旋体mesomer费歇尔投影式Fischerprojection相对构型relativeconfiguration绝对构型absolute
12、configurationR-构型R-configurationS-构型S-configuration赤式erythro苏式threo外消旋化racemization拆分resolution光学纯度OpticalPurity对映体过量百分数enantiomericexcess立体专一性反应stereospecificreaction立体选择性反应stereoselectivereaction不对称合成asymmetricsynthesis构象异构conformationalisomerism构象分析conformationalanalysis锯
13、架式perspectiveformula纽曼投影式Newmanprojectionformula椅式chairform船式boatform直立键a键axialbond平伏键e键equatorialbond互变异构tautomerism酮式keto-form烯醇式enol-form差向异构化epimerization变旋现象mutamerism哈武斯式Haworthform7.有机反应的名称取代反应substitutionreaction加成反应additionreaction马尔科夫尼可夫规律Markovnikovrule共轭加成con
14、jugateaddition消去反应eleminationreaction查依采夫规律Saytzeffrule霍夫曼规律Hofmannrule硼氢化反应hydroboration催化加氢catalytichydrogenation聚合反应polymerization单体monomer聚合物polymer硝化反应nitration卤化反应halogenation磺化反应sulfonation烷基化反应alkylation酰基化反应acylation酯化反应esterification酯交换反应transesterification脱羧反应decarbox
15、ylation氯甲基化反应chloromethylation傅列德尔-克拉夫茨反应Friedel-Craftsreaction格利雅反应Grignardreaction格利雅试剂(格氏试剂)Grignardreagent赖默-梯曼反应Reimer-Tiemannreaction卤仿反应haloformreaction水解反应hydrolysisreaction醇解反应alcoholysisreaction氨解反应ammonolysisireaction皂化saponification插烯作用vinylogy缩合condensation克莱森缩合Cl
16、aisencondensation安息香缩合benzoincondensation羟醛缩合aldolcondensation列弗尔马茨基反应Reformatskyreaction迈克尔反应Michaelreaction诺文格尔反应Knoevenagelreaction加布里反应Gabrielreaction乙酰乙酸乙酯合成法acetoaceticestersynthesis丙二酸酯合成法malonicestersynthesis威廉逊合成法WilliamSonsynthesis海森堡试验Hinsbergtest重氮化反应diazotiza
17、tionreaction偶联反应couplingreaction脱氨基反应deaminationreaction维悌希反应Wittigreaction氧化反应oxidationreaction还原反应reductionreaction周环反应pericyclicreaction环加成反应cycloadditionreaction电环化反应electrocyclicreaction坎尼扎罗反应Cannizzaroreaction齐齐巴宾反应Chichibabinreaction狄尔斯-阿德尔反应Diels-alderreaction斐林试剂
18、Fehlingreagent托伦试剂Tollensreagent沃克还原Wolff-Kishnerreduction罗森蒙德还原Rosenmundreduction克莱门森还原Clemmensonreduction考普重排Coperearrangement霍夫曼重排Hofmannrearrangement嚬哪醇重排pinacolrearrangement弗里茨重排Friesrearrangement克莱森重排Claisenrearrangement二烯体diene亲二烯体dienophile分子轨道对称守恒原理conversationofor
19、bitalsymmetry8.有机反应机理均裂homolytic异裂heterolytic活性中间体activeintermediate碳正离子carbocation碳负离子carbanion烯醇负离子enolateanion自由基，游离基freeradical卡宾，碳烯carbene氮烯nitrene速度决定步骤rate-determiningstep哈蒙特假定Hammondpostulate能线图energyprofile过渡状态transitionstate邻基参与neighboringgroupparticipation动力学控制
20、kineticcontrol热力学控制thermodynamiccontrol离去基团leavinggroup底物substrate亲电试剂electrofphile亲核试剂nucleophile亲电加成反应electrophilicaddition亲电取代反应electrophilicsubstitution定位规律orientationrule亲核取代反应nucleophilicsubstitutionSN2反应机理SN2reactionmechanismSN1反应机理SN1reactionmechanism瓦尔登转化Waldeninv
21、ersion亲核加成反应nucleophilicaddition亲核加成-消去反应nucleophilicaddition-eliminationreaction消去反应机理eliminationreactionmechanismE1反应机理E1reactionmechanismE2反应机理E2reactionmechanism反式消去antielimination重排反应机理rearrangementreactionmechanism自由基反应freeradicalreaction链引发chaininitation链增长chainpropagation链终止chaintermination9.有机化合物的光谱红外光谱IRInfraredspectra傅立叶变换FourierTransform指纹区fingerprintregion吸收频率absorptionfrequency紫外光谱UVUltravioletspectra电子跃迁elctronictransition吸光度absorbance摩尔消光系数molar