2内容:图表(linegraph,barchart,piechart,table,diagram)
3文体:summary
4考察能力:客观地描述图形信息;
进行比较和对比;
对非个人性的话题提供报告,不掺杂个人意见;
使用图形描述语言。
Note:这里涉及到考试三原则——objectivity客观性原则(考生进行描述是不能有任何脸型式的个人观点),carefulness周密性原则(有时作文题会安排一个隐藏着的特征信息,考察考生的观察能力和横向比较能力,考生若能发现并加以描述,可以得到一个印象分,如没发现,则正常阅卷),accuracy精确性原则(考生须用准确生动的语言对数据进行描述)。
5考生对图表题所存在的三个问题:
对于写作当中的套用句掌握不充分
对于不同图表的破题思路存在问题
连接方面存在困难
二图表题总的认识
1各种题型的侧重点
运动趋势
曲线图
难点:把握曲线的走向和趋势
——需要在第二段开头部分对整个曲线进行一个阶段式的总分类;
在分类描述每个阶段的specifictrend同时倒入数据作为分类的依据
柱状图
难点:通过比较找出相同点,和对比找出不同点
——即需要横向总结所有柱状图的共性特征,也要分别描写各个柱子的个性特征。
饼状图
比较好写,但要注意如何丰富百分比的表达和“占”的表达。
注:写作时不要一直用数字加百分比的格式,如25%,这样很难拿高分。特定的数字可以采用多样性的表达,如圆25%=aquarterof,50%=halfof,>50%=a/themajorityof
静止趋势
表格
考查列举数字的能力和方法,怎样通过一些有代表性的数据来说明问题。
2.图表作文结构
正文段:
1)对图表进行总的概述或解说用(1~2句)
2)对图表所包含的信息进项详细的分析和比较(2~3段)
结尾段:对所描述的图表信息进行总结(1~2句)
三、图表题写作
1.审题:
-先看文字信息-把握主题
-再看图标信息-把握具体信息
Eg.p28
纵坐标:数据(单位?)
图表标题:worldgrainharvestedarea,1950-1996
2.Introduction写作
通过改写题目(同义词转换,句式结构改変,增减细节)完成引言段写作
Eg.请改写P28的题目
比较原题与改写后的introduction有什么不同之处:
Thegraphbelowshowstheareaoflandfromwhichgrainwasharvested.
Thislinegraphaboveillustratesthetotalworldgrainharvestedareasinmillionsofhectaresbetween1950and1996.
同义词转换:show-illustrate,reveal,depict,demonstrate,compare,givesomeinformationabout…,
句式转换:thetotalgrainharvestedareas
增加细节:inmillionsofhectares,between1950and1996
注意:为避免plagiarism,一定要对题目进行改头换面。Eg.
Thetwopiechartsgivetheproportionofmenandwomenemployedin6broadareas.
Thetwopiechartsshow,in6broadcategories,theproportionofmalesandfemalesinemployment.
图表作文开头段落常见语言结构:
Typeofchart
Verb
主题描述
The
graph
piechart
barchart
table
illustration
shows
illustrates
presents
depicts
reveals
compare
thenumberof…
theproportionof…
theinformationon…
somedataregarding/on…
练习:
1.请为P30的线状图写引言段。
参考:ThegraphshowsthenumberofWestIndiansandIndiansandPakistanisimmigratingtotheUKfrom1940to1970.
2.请为以下的复合图写引言段。
Peoplearrestedoverthepast5years
参考答案:
Thepiechartsandthebarchartrespectivelypresenttheproportionofmalesandfemalesarrestedoverthepastfiveyearsandsomesignificantreasonswhytheywerearrestedin2007.或
Thepiechartscomparetheproportionofmalesandfemalesarrestedoverthepastfiveyearsandthebarchartillustratessomesignificantreasonsin2007.
3.主体段落写作
1)对图表的特点或趋势进行总的概述或解说(1~2句)
1)对图表的特点或趋势进行总的概述或解说-generalstatement即概述图表写作的最大特点或总趋势
Eg.P28线状图的总趋势
Ingeneral,thetotalharvestareaincreaseduntil1980,atwhichpointtherewasareductionintheareaharvestedduetoretrenchment.
P30两条线的总趋势/总特点
Ascanbeseen,immigrationofbothWestIndiansandIndiansandPakistanisincreasedrapidlyoveratwenty-yearperiod.After1960,thenumberofWestIndianimmigrantsdecreasedsharplywhereasthenumberofIndianandPakistaniimmigrantscontinuedtoincrease.
练习
请为以下复合图写作总概述
参考
Accordingtothegraph,moremalesthanfemaleswerearrestedandthiefbecamethemostcommonreasonofarrestin2007.
引出总概述的语言
Ascanbeseen,themoststrikingfeatureis…
Asisshown/depictedinthetable,themostobviousfeatureis…
Fromthegraph,wecanseeclearlythat…
Fromthechart,itisapparentthat…
Accordingtothegraph,
Generallyspeaking,
Itisnotedthat…
Overall,…
2.1趋势图(线状图):
运动范畴中存在着如下的8种运动趋向:
1.保持平稳:我们可以使用的套用结构有:staystable/remainsteady.
举例:表示人口数量保持平稳的时候可以写:thenumberofpopulationstayedstable。/thenumberofpopulationremainedsteady.
2.上升/增加:我们可以使用的套用结构有:rise/climb/increase/ascend/mount/aggrandize(增加)
举例:人口上升:thenumberofpopulationincreased/ascended/mounted等等。
3.下降/减少:我们可以使用的套用结构有:fall/drop/decrease/descend/decline
举例:人口减少:thenumberofpopulationdecreased/declined.
4..波动:这个就像我们的心电图一样。英语中叫fluctuate.
举例:人口波动:numberofpopulationfluctuated.
5.达到顶峰:peak/reachitssummit/reachitszenith
举例:人口到达了顶峰:numberofpopulationpeaked/reacheditssummit/reacheditszenith.
程度范畴:、
缓慢的/轻微的:gradually/smoothly/steadily/slightly/moderately/slowly
陡然的/大幅度的:dramatically/sharply/considerably/appreciably/greatly/steeply/significantly/markedly/rapidly/quickly/suddenly/
举例:1.人口大幅度攀升:numberofpopulationmounteddramatically.
2.人口轻微下降:numberofpopulationdecreasedslightly.
3.人口逐渐下降:numberofpopulationdecreasedgradually.
数据范畴:
1)上升/下降后面使用to(到)和by(了)
举例:
1.人口下降到200万:numberofpopulationdecreasedto2million.
2.人口下降了200万:numberofpopulationdecreasedby2million.
3.人口上升到1000万:numberofpopulationincreasedto10million.
4.人口上升了500万:numberofpopulationincreasedby5million.
2).remainsteady/staystable/leveloff/bottomout/peak/reachitspeak/reachitszenith后面需要使用的是at.
举例:1.人口在500万上保持平稳:numberofpopulationremainedsteadyat5million.
1.人口在800万时到达了顶峰:numberofpopulationpeakedat8million.
2.下降后,人口在400万保持平稳:afterdecreasing,numberofpopulationbottomedoutat4million.
3.上升后,人口在700万保持平稳:aftermounting,numberofpopulationleveledoffat7million.
3)fluctuate的后面大家需要连接between…..and…..
举例:人口在2和100亿之间波动:numberofpopulationfluctuatedbetween2and10billion.(那俩人是ADAM和EVE)
练习:请描述一下线状图
Thenumberoftouristsincreasedgreatlyduringthefirst10yearsfrom1950to1960,reachingitspeakat100in1960.Afteraninitialdrop,thetouristnumbershadkeptsteadyataround100for10yearsbetween1965and1975.Itisnotedthatthefollowing30-yearperiodsawanoverallupwardtrendwithsomefluctuations.
常用4大句型:
Thepriceincreasedgreatlyto100from1950to1960.
Thepriceexperiencedagreatincreaseto100from1950to1960.
undergo/gothrough/suffer
Therewasagreatincreaseto100inthetouristnumbersfrom1950to1960.
The10-yearperiodfrom1950to1960saw/witnessedagreatincreaseto100inthenumberoftourists.
总结:线状图解题思路
二条线:1)两条线各分两段。先写A线,再写B线。每条线按照其固有的特点完成描写,分析和比较。2)AB线同时比较着完成各自的特点描写。
三条线:1)先写A线。再对比着写B线和C线。2)三条线对比着写。
Eg
两条线(JapanVSsweden)分开来写:
Japan:stoodat–dipinto…beforebouncingbackto5%again-beexpectedtoshootuptoabout28%in2040,thehighestamongthethreecountries
Sweden:increasedgradually-grewwithsomefluctuations-bepredictedtoascendtoroughly25%
对比着写:
Japan:stoodat–dipinto…beforebouncingbackto5%againin2000。UnlikeJapen,swedenexperiencedagradualincreaseinthenumberofagedpeoplefromaround9%in1940toroughly14%in1980.Afterthat,theagedpopulationinSwedenincreasedcontinuallywithsomefluctuations,whileJapanisexpectedtoshootuptoabout28%in2040,4%higherthanSweden.
四.非趋势图
1.解题思路:???
——分类:找有意义数据(最大,最小,相同etc.)
2.必备语言点:百分比,大小比较,数据导入,先后顺序
2.1百分比的表示
occupy
gain
share
represent
have/has
constitute
accountfor
makeup
takeup
bedividedinto
beallocatedto
bedistributedto
如:
Thesalesofchickenoccupies45%ofthetotal.
Beefandporkhavethesamepercentage.
10%ofthetotalsalesisallocatedtolamb.
Thesmallestpercentageisdistributedtofish,whichgainsonly5%.
2.2大小比较
表示A比B….
Thesalesofchickenis40%morethanthatoffish.
is8timesmorethanthatoffish.
is9timesofthatoffish.
练习:请比较P41男性和女性在管理职位上的情况
Inmanagerialposition,thenumberofthemaleisobviouslymorethanthatofthefemale.
Therearemoremeninmanagerialpositionthanwomen.
Agreaternumberofmenthanthatofwomenwerefoundinmanagerialposition.
Thenumberofmenwhoareemployedinmanagerialpositionismuchlargerthanthatofwomenworkinginthesameoccupation.
Inmanagerialposition,thecompanyownedmorementhanwomen.
表示相同的
AisequaltoB.
Thesalesofporkisequaltothatofbeef.
AandBareequal.
Ais(exactly/approximately)thesameasB.
Thesalesofporkisexactlytwotimesthesameasthatoflamb.
Aisas….asB.(表示倍数)
Thesalesofchickenisabovetwiceasmuchasthatofbeef.
Porksellstwiceasmuchmeataslamb.
TherearetwiceasmanystudentsinClassAasthatofClassB.
ThefiguresintermsofthedailycaloriesupplyperheadandlifeexpectancyatbirthinBangladeshwereonlythehalfofthoseinUSAin1992
2.3数据引入
()
at
Which引导的定语从句
分词结构
With
AversusB
AasopposestoB
respectively
eg
Thesalesofchicken(45%)is40%morethanthatoffish.
Thesalesofchickenis8timesmorethanthatoffishat5%.
Porkandbeefareequalat20%.
Thesalesofchickenis9timesofthatoffish,whichoccupiesonly5%.
Thesalesofchickenis9timesofthatoffish,occupyingonly5%.
With的使用1)-引出一个数字
Chickenhasthehighestpercentage
(45%).
at45%.
,whichrepresentsabout45%ofthetotal.
,accountingforabout45%ofthetotal.
with45%ofthetotalbeingsold.
With的使用2)-“一拖几”
Morechicken(45%)issoldthananyotherkindofmeatwithporkandbeefequalat20%,lambat10%,andfish,th2smallest,atonly5%.
Morechicken(45%)issoldthananyotherkindofmeatwiththesamepercentage(20%)inporkandbeef,10%inlamb,andonly5%infish.
请完成以下句子。
鸡肉卖得比羊肉都多,45%比10%。
Theproportionofchickensold(45%)isobviouslymorethanthatoflamb(10%).
Morechickenissoldthanlamb,45%versus10%.
Alargerpercentageofchickenthanthatoflambissold,45%asopposesto10%.
鸡肉卖得比羊肉和鱼肉都多,分别是45%比10%和5%。
Theproportionofchickensold(45%)isobviouslymorethanthatoflamb(10%)andfish(5%).
Morechickenissoldthanlambandfish,45%versus10%,and5%respectively.
Alargerpercentageofchickenthanthatoflambandfishissold,45%asopposesto10%and5%respectively.
请用所学过的知识点为该饼图写一段话
参考:先后顺序
最大/第一:gainthehighestpercentage
rankfirst/second
cometop/topthelist
comeoutfirst
shootintothefirstplace
其次:then,
,followedby…
comesthere…
值得一提的是:itisnotedthat…
五、非常规图:
非常规图diagram(示意图)
1.静态图:
地图(location,direction,someotherdetailedinformationprovided)
地理变化:P47
事物内部结构和功能P49
2.动态图P55
流程图:
循环图:P55
Thediagramillustratestheinternalstructure/functionofsth.,