2020年研究生入学统一考试试题(英语一)
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions：
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Eveniffamiliesarelesslikelytositdowntoeattogetherthanwasoncethecase,millionsofBritonswillnonethelesshavepartakenthisweekendofoneofthenation'sgreattraditions:theSundayroast.__1__acoldwinter'sday,fewculinarypleasurescan__2__it.Yetaswereportnow,thefoodpolicearedeterminedthatthis__3__shouldberenderedyetanotherguiltypleasure__4__todamageourhealth.
TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has__5__apublicwarningabouttherisksofacompoundcalledacrylamidethatformsinsomefoodscooked__6__hightemperatures.Thismeansthatpeopleshould__7__crispingtheirroastpotatoes,spurnthin-crustpizzasandonly__8__toasttheirbread.Butwhereistheevidencetosupportsuchalarmistadvice__9__studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno__10__evidencethatitcausescancerinhumans.
Scientistssaythecompoundis"__11__tobecarcinogenic"buthavenohardscientificproof.__12__theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitis__13__tofollowtheFSAadvice.__14__,itwasrumoredthatsmokingcausedcancerforyearsbeforetheevidencewasfoundtoprovea__15__.
Doubtlessapieceofboiledbeefcanalwaysbe__16__uponSundayalongsidesomesteamedvegetables,withouttheYorkshirepuddingandnowine.Butwouldlifebeworthliving__17__,theFSAsaysitisnottellingpeopletocutoutroastfoods__18__,buttoreducetheirlifetimeintake.However,their__19__riskscomingacrossasexhortationandnannying.Constanthealthscaresjust__20__withnoonelistening.
1.AInBTowardsCOnDTill
2.AmatchBexpressCsatisfyDinfluence
3.ApatienceBenjoymentCsurpriseDconcern
4.AintensifiedBprivilegedCcompelledDguaranteed
5.AissuedBreceivedCignoredDcanceled
6.AunderBatCforDby
7.AforgetBregretCfinishDavoid
8.ApartiallyBregularlyCeasilyDinitially
9.AUnlessBSinceCIfDWhile
10.AsecondaryBexternalCinconclusiveDnegative
11.AinsufficientBboundClikelyDslow
12.AOnthebasisofBAtthecostofCInadditiontoDIncontrastto
13.AinterestingBadvisableCurgentDfortunate
14.AAsusualBInparticularCBydefinitionDAfterall
15.AresemblanceBcombinationCconnectionDpattern
16.AmadeBservedCsavedDused
17.ATobefairBForinstanceCTobebriefDingeneral
18.AreluctantlyBentirelyCgraduallyDcarefully
19.ApromiseBexperienceCcampaignDcompetition
20.AfollowupBpickupCopenupDendup
解析：
1.【答案】COn
2.【答案】Amatch
3.【答案】Benjoyment
【解析】此处考察上下文逻辑关系。上文说到星期日烤肉是一项开心的活动。后文Yet进行语义转折：然而正如现在报道的那样，食品卫生部门认为这种3会导致另一种有罪的快乐4损害我们的健康。enjoyment乐趣与上文pleasures和下文anotherpleasures互为关联信息。patience耐心，耐性。surprise惊喜。concern关心。
4.【答案】Dguaranteed
【解析】此处考察非谓语动词做后置定语的用法。空格所在句指出：这种快乐会导致另一种有罪的快乐4损害我们的健康。guaranteed有保证的，一定的，填入空格处意为：这种快乐会导致另一种有罪的快乐，肯定会损害我们的健康。intensified增强，加剧;privileged享有特权，专用，特许;compelled强迫。
5.【答案】Aissued
【解析】此处考察词义辨析。TheFoodStandardsAuthority(FSA)has__5__apublicwarning...食品标准管理局一项公开的警告...issued发表，发布，发出;received接收，接到;ignored忽视，忽略;canceled取消。issuedapublicwarning发出一项公开的警告符合文意。
6.【答案】Bat
【解析】此处考察介词辨析。insomefoodscooked__6__hightemperatures.under在...下面;for为了;因为;对于;by在…旁边;通过;由于;经过。
7.【答案】Davoid
【解析】此处考察上下文逻辑关系。7空句首thismean代词this指代上文高温炙烤的食物里会有化学复合物有害人体身体健康。所以下文提出建议人们应该7炸土豆，不吃薄皮披萨并且...7空同时也与reject构成语义并列的关系，故avoid正确。forget忘记;regret后悔;finish完成。
8.【答案】Apartially
【解析】此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。...andonly__8__toasttheirbread.8空前文说到建议人们不吃炸土豆，薄皮披萨或者只是8烤面包。partially部分地，偶尔地;regularly有规律地;easily容易地;initially最初地。故A选项正确。
9.【答案】DWhile
【解析】此处考察上下文逻辑关系+逻辑连接词辨析。__9__studieshaveshownthatacrylamidecancauseneurologicaldamageinmice,thereisno__10__evidencethatitcausescancerinhumans.9研究表明丙烯酰胺可引起小鼠神经损伤，但是没有10证据表明它会导致人类患癌症。前后句为转折/对比/让步的逻辑关系，故选择while表示虽然，尽管。Unless除非，表条件的逻辑关系;Since因为，表因果逻辑;If如果，表条件的逻辑关系。
10.【答案】Cconclusive
【解析】此处考察词义辨析+上下文语境。9研究表明丙烯酰胺可引起小鼠神经损伤，但是没有10证据表明它会导致人类患癌症。conclusive决定性的;令人信服的;确凿的
secondary第二的，中等的;间接的;external外面的，外部的;表面上的;外用的;外国的;negative消极的，否认的。
11.【答案】Clikely
【解析】此处考察固定搭配。belikelyto可能。insufficient不足的，不够的;bound捆绑的，束缚的，有义务的;slow缓慢的。
12.【答案】AOnthebasisof
【解析】此处考察短语辨析+上下文逻辑。__12__theprecautionaryprinciple,itcouldbearguedthatitis__13__tofollowtheFSAadvice.12预防性原则，可以说遵循FSA的建议是13。Onthebasisof以...为基础，根据，按照;Atthecostof以...为代价;Inadditionto除...之外;Incontrastto与之相对，相反。
13.【答案】Badvisable
【解析】此处考察形容词词义辨析。根据预防性原则，可以说遵循FSA的建议是13。interesting有趣的;advisable明智的，可取的;urgent急迫的;fortunate侥幸的，幸运的。
14.【答案】DAfterall
【解析】考察逻辑关系。原文中上一句说“基于“预防原则”，可以认为最好遵循FSA的建议”。本句说“在有证据证明吸烟与癌症之间的联系之前，吸烟导致癌症的传言就已经流传多年了。结合选项分析，Asusual像往常一样，Inparticular尤其，特别，Bydefinition根据定义，Afterall毕竟，只有Afterall符合文意。
15.【答案】Cconnection
【解析】本题考察动宾搭配，结合语境和句子成分理解，这里的名词放在prove“证明”后面，整体处在不定式中做主语补足语说明主语evidence，这里“证据”应该是证明出来(吸烟和肺癌)有联系的，故选择connection。Resemblance相似，combination结合，pattern模式，均不符合。
16.【答案】Bserved
【解析】本题考察主谓搭配，此处为被动语态，和主语apieceofboiledbeef构成实际上的“动宾关系”，句意“毫无疑问，一片煮熟的牛肉总能在周日和一些蒸蔬菜一起__16__”。这里servedup表示“上菜，端上”正和文意。而其他选项made制作，saved节省，used使用，均不符合。
17.【答案】ATobefair
【解析】本题考察主谓搭配，上一句说“但是生命值得过下去吗”本句话说，“英FSA表示，它并没有告诉人们....不吃烘焙食品”，可见后文并没有对上文进行举例(forinstance)或总结(Tobebrief)或表示经常发生的事情(ingeneral)，故，应该选择顺承关系的Tobefair。
18.【答案】Bentirely
【解析】此处考察副词的修饰关系。本句话句意为“英FSA表示，它并没有告诉人们不吃烘焙食品__18__”。结合各选项分析：reluctantly不情愿地，entirely完全地，gradually逐渐地，carefully小心谨慎地，能跟前面的否定词not呼应使用表示一种部分否定的，只能是entirely才合适，not...entirely表示“并未完全...”。
19.【答案】Ccampaign
【解析】本题考察主谓搭配。根据原文语境“然而，他们(FSA)的...有风险给人一种‘劝诱式’保姆的感觉”，答案campaign表示“(开展的)运动，活动”放在这里最合适。promise承诺，experience经历或经验，competition竞争，均不能体现本文中FSA所做行为的代称。
20.【答案】Dendup
【解析】考察动宾搭配，这里的句义是“持续不断的健康威胁__20__却没有人在听。”这里想强调太多的的对健康的恐慌的最终结果，只有“结束，以...告终”这个含义最符合，所以选择endup，而followup跟踪，坚持完成，pickup捡起，拾起，偶然学到，openup打开，开发，均不符合文义。
SectionⅡReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
21.Copperandhercolleaguearguethata"townofculture"awardwould___.
A.consolidatethetowncitytiesinBritain
B.promotecooperationamongBrain'stowns
C.increasetheeconomicstrengthofBrain'stowns
D.focusBrain'slimitedresourcesonculturalevents.
22.Accordingtoparagraph2,theproposalmightberegardedbysomeas______..
A.asensiblecompromise
B.aself-deceivingattempt
C.aneye-catchingbonus
D.aninaccessibletarget
23.Theauthorsuggeststhatatitleholderissuccessfulonlyifit______
A.endeavortomaintainitsimage
B.meetstheaspirationofitspeople
C.bringsitslocalartstoprominence
D.commitstoitslong-termgrowth
24.“Glasgow”ismentionedinParagraph3topresent______
A.acontrastingcase
B.asupportingexample
C.abackgroundstory
D.arelatedtopic
25.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheproposal
A.SkepticalB.ObjectiveC.FavorableD.Critical
21CincreasetheeconomicstrengthofBritain’stowns
这道题是细节题。题干问库珀和她的同事们认为“文化之城”这一奖项可能会怎样可以定位在第一段第三句：“CooperandhercolleaguesarguethatthesuccessofthecrownforHull,……”“赫尔之冠”的成功并不局限于城市，它为赫尔带来了2.2亿欧元的投资和大量艺术作品。英国的城镇，确实没有被阻止申请，但他们通常缺乏资源来凑齐一点来击败他们更大的竞争对手。有人认为，“文化之城”奖可以成为一项年度活动，吸引资金并创造就业机会。所以能看出答案是C.增强英国城镇的经济实力。
22Baself-deceivingattempt
该题是推断题,题干问:根据第二段，这一提议或许会被一些人认为是…….。可以定位在第二段第一句“Somemightseetheproposalasaboobyprizeforthefactthat……”“有些人可能会把这个提议看作是一个嘘声，因为英国已经不能再申请更有声望的欧洲文化之都的称号了……”能看出来有些人是持反面态度的。很多人不认识boo，但是也能从后面的onthevergeofdisappearingintoanendlessfeverofself-celebrationinitsdesperationtoreinventitselffor,在绝望地为英国退欧后的世界重塑形象之际，英国即将消失在一场无休止的自我庆祝热潮之中.接下来几个反问句，能看出来是一种自我欺骗的尝试，所以选择B。
23Dcommitstoitslong-termgrowth
该题也是细节题,题干问:作者认为这个头衔的持有者是成功的只要它……可以定位到第三段第三句，这些头衔真正成功的持有者，是那些除了为酒店带来收入、带来引人注目的艺术活动和一年的良好报道之外，还做了很多事情的人。它们转变了当地居民的愿望;他们将城市的自我形象推向更大胆、更乐观的一面。所以能看出只要他把致力于乡村的长期发展中，这个头衔就会是成功的。
24A.acontrastingcase
这题是写作目的题，题干说：第3段提到格拉斯哥是为了展现什么。可以定位到第三段倒数第一句。可以看到前面有明显的BUT，知道和前面的意思成相反。“这个问题很难解决，需要高度的远见卓识，也需要城市当局、私营部门、社区团体和文化组织之间的合作。但这是可以做到的:格拉斯哥作为欧洲文化之都的一年，可以被看作是一系列复杂的因素之一，这些因素把这座城市变成了艺术、音乐和戏剧的力量，直到今天。”
25Dfavourable
这题是作者态度题，问作者对于这个建议的态度。第一段是提出该建议。第二段是一些人认为这个建议有点吹嘘。而只有最后一段能看出作者对此建议的态度，“一个“文化之城”不仅仅是艺术之城，而且要尊重一个城市的特色——帮助维持它的商业街，支持当地的设施，最重要的是赞美它的人民，并将其转化为行动。”所以能看出是积极赞成的态度。
Text2
Scientificpublishinghaslongbeenalicencetoprintmoney.Scientistsneedjoumalsinwhichtopublish
theirresearch,sotheywillsupplythearticleswithoutmonetaryreward.Otherscientistsperformthespecialisedworkofpeerreviewalsoforfree,becauseitisacentralelementintheacquisitionofstatusandtheproductionofscientificknowledge.
Withthecontentofpaperssecuredforfree,thepublisherneedsonlyfndamarketforitsjournal.Untilthiscentury,universitylibrarieswerenotverypricesensitive.Scientificpublishersroutinelyreportprofitmarginsapproaching40%ontheiroperations,atatimewhentherestofthepublishingindustryisinanexistentialcrisis.
TheDutchgiantElsevier,whichclaimstopublish25%ofthescientificpapersproducedintheworld,madeprofitsofmorethan￡900mlastyear,whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan￡210min2016toenableresearcherstoaccesstheirownpubliclyfundedresearch;bothfiguresseemtoriseunstoppablydespiteincreasinglydesperateeffortstochangethem.
Themostdrastic,andthoroughlyillegal,reactionhasbeentheemergenceofSci-Hub,akindofglobalphotocopierforscientificpapers,setupin2012,whichnowclaimstoofferaccesstoeverypaywalledarticlepublishedsince2015.ThesuccessofSci-Hub,whichreliesonresearcherspassingoncopiestheyhavethemselveslegallyaccessed,showsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants.
InBritainthemovetowardsopenaccesspublishinghasbeendrivenbyfundingbodies.Insomewaysithasbeenverysuccessful.MorethanhalfofallBritishscientificresearchisnowpublishedunderopenaccessterms:eitherfreelyavailablefromthemomentofpublication,orpaywalledforayearormoresothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbeforebeingplacedongeneralrelease.
Yetthenewsystemhasnotworkedoutanycheaperfortheuniversities.Publishershaverespondedtothedemandthattheymaketheirproductfreetoreadersbychargingtheirwritersfeestocoverthecostsofpreparinganarticle.Theserangefromaround￡500to$5,000.Areportlastyearpointedoutthatthecostsbothofsubscriptionsandofthese’’articlepreparationcosts’’hadbeensteadilyrisingatarateaboveinflation.Insomewaysthescientificpublishingmodelresemblestheeconomyofthesocialinternet:labourisprovidedfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.Inbothcases,weneedarebalancingofpower.
26.Scientificpublishingisseenas“alicencetoprintmoney"partlybecause________
[A]itsfundinghasenjoyedasteadyincrease.
[B]itsmarketingstrategyhasbeensuccessful.
[C]itspaymentforpeerreviewisreduced.
[D]itscontentacquisitioncostsnothing.
27.AccordingtoParagraphs2and3,scientificpublishersElsevierhave________
[A]thrivedmainlyonuniversitylibraries.
[B]gonethroughanexistentialcrisis.
[C]revivedthepublishingindustry.
[D]financedresearchersgenerously.
28.HowdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesuccessofSci-Hub
[A]Relieved.
[B]Puzzled.
[C]Concerned
[D]Encouraged.
29.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphs5and6thatopenaccessterms________
[A]allowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney.
[B]renderpublishingmucheasierforscientists.
[C]reducethecostofpublicationsubstantially.
[D]freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens.
30.Whichofthefollowingcharacterisesthescientificpublishingmodel
[A]Trialsubscriptionisoffered.
[B]Labourtriumphsoverstatus.
[C]Costsarewellcontrolled.
D]Thefewfeedonthemany.
26,细节题Ditscontentacquisitioncostnothing
根据题干中关键词alicencetoprintmoneybecause,定位到第一段第二句，其他科学家也免费进行同行评议的专门工作，因为它是获得地位和生产科学知识的核心要素。正确选项D，acquisition原词，forfree替换选项中的，costnothing.
27,细节题Athrivedmainlyonuniversitieslibraries
根据题干关键词Elsevier定位到第三段第一句话，TheDutchgiantElsevier,....madeprofitsofmorethan490mlastyear.whileUKuniversitiesalonespentmorethan210min2016,该公司去年利润超过4.9亿英镑然而仅英国大学在2016年就花费了超过2.1亿英镑。正确选项A主要依靠大学图书馆为定位句的同意表达
28态度题Bconcerned
根据题干中关键词Sci-Hub的成功定位到第四段第二句，ThesuccessofSci-Hub,....havethemselveslegallyaccessedshowsthelegalecosystemhaslostlegitimacyamongitsusersandmustbetransformedsothatitworksforallparticipants这表明法律生态系统在其用户中已经失去了合法性，必须进行改造，以便为所有参与者服务.可见作者对于Sci-Hub的成功采取否定态度，正确选项Bconcerned担忧，担心。Arelieved宽慰的，Cpuzzled困惑的属错误选项，Dencouraged鼓励的，正反混淆
29推断题Aallowpublisherssomeroomtomakemoney
根据题干关键词openaccess定位到第四段，最后一句...sothatthepublisherscanmakeaprofitbefore...,合理收取费用是未来出版商能够获利，A选项为同义替换。Brenderpublishingmucheasierforscientists使发表对科学家来说容易得多.Creducethecostofpublicationsubstantiality降低出版成本D.freeuniversitiesfromfinancialburdens使大学摆脱财政负担
30细节题Dthefewfeedonthemany
根据题干关键词scientificpublishingmodel定位到最后一段第五句，labourisprovidedplacesfreeinexchangeforthehopeofstatus,whilehugeprofitsaremadebyafewbigfirmswhorunthemarketplaces.劳动力被免费提供，以换取地位的希望，而一些经营市场的大公司则获得了巨额利润。可知少部分作者免费劳动，大部分公司盈利，A选项为同义替换
Text3
Progressivesoftensupportdiversitymandatesasapathtoequalityandawaytoleveltheplayingfield.Butalltoooftensuchpoliciesareaninsincereformofvirtue-signalingthatbenefitsonlythemostprivilegedanddoeslittletohelpaveragepeople.
ApairofbillssponsoredbyMassachusettsstateSenatorJasonLewisandHouseSpeakerProTemporePatriciaHaddad,toensure"genderparity"onboardsandcommissions,provideacaseinpoint.
HaddadandLewisareconcernedthatmorethanhalfthestate-governmentboardsarelessthan40percentfemale.Inordertoensurethatelitewomenhavemoresuchopportunities,theyhaveproposedimposinggovernmentquotas.Ifthebillsbecomelaw,stateboardsandcommissionswillberequiredtosetaside50percentofboardseatsforwomenby2022.
ThebillsaresimilartoameasurerecentlyadoptedinCalifomia,whichlastyearbecamethefirststatetorequiregenderquotasforprivatecompanies.Insigningthemeasure,CaliforniaGovernorJerryBrownadmittedthatthelaw,whichexpresslyclassifiespeopleonthebasisofsex,isprobablyunconstitutional.
TheUSSupremeCourtfrownsonsex-basedclassificationsunlesstheyaredesignedtoaddressan"important"policyinterest,BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,evenwherethereisnohistoryofpriordiscrimination,courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatestheconstitutionalguaranteeof"equalprotection".
ButaresuchgovernmentmandatesevennecessaryFemaleparticipationoncorporateboardsmaynotcurrentlymirrorthepereentageofwomeninthegeneralpopulation,butsowhat
Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernmentinterference.AccordingtoastudybyCatalyst,between2010and2015theshareofwomenontheboardsofglobalcorporationsincreasedby54percent.
Requiringcompaniestomakegendertheprimaryqualificationforboardmembershipwillinevitablyleadtolessexperiencedprivatesectorboards.ThatisexactlywhathappenedwhenNorwayadoptedanationwidecorporategenderquota.
WrtinginTheNewRepublic,AliceLeenotesthatincreasingthenumberofopportunitiesforboardmembershipwithoutincreasingthepoolofqualifiedwomentoserveonsuchboardshasledtoa"goldenskirt"phenomenon,wherethesameclitewomenscoopupmultipleseatsonavarietyofboards.
Nexttimesomebodypushescorporatequotasasawaytopromotegenderequity,rememberthatsuchpoliciesarelargelyself-servingmeasuresthatmaketheirsponsorsfeelgoodbutdolitletohelpaveragewomen.
31.TheauthorbelievesthatthebillssponsoredbyLewisandHaddadwills________
[A]helplittletoreducegenderbias.
[B]poseathreattothestategovernment.
[C]raisewomen'spositioninpolitics.
[D]greatlybroadencareeroptions.
32.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheCaliforniameasure
[A]Ithasirritatedprivatebusinessowners.
[B]ItiswelcomedbytheSupremeCourt,
[C]ItmaygoagainsttheConstitution.
[D]Itwillsettlethepriorcontroversies.
33.TheauthormentionsthestudybyCatalysttoilustrate____
[A]theharmfromarbitraryboarddecision.
[B]theimportanceofconstitutionalguaranees.
[C]thepressureonwomeninglobalcorporations.
[D]theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions.
34.Norway'sadoptionofanationwidecorporategenderquotahasledto____
[A]theunderestimationofelitewomen'srole.
[B]theobjectiontofemaleparticipationonboards.
[C]theentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard.
[D]thegrowingtensionbetweenlaborandmanagement.
35.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthetext
[A]Women'sneedinemploymentshouldbeconsidered.
[B]Feasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking.
[C]Everyoneshouldtryhardtopromotesocialjustice.
[D]Majorsocialissuesshouldbethefocusoflegislation.
31态度题Ahelplittletoreducegenderbias
32细节题Citmaygoagainsttheconstitution
根据题干中的关键词Californiameasures定位到原文第五段第二句，BecausetheCalifornialawappliestoallboards,...courtsarelikelytorulethatthelawviolatetheconstitutionalguaranteeof"equalprotection"violate违反宪法，选项Cagainst替换violate为正确选项
33.例证题Dtheneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions
根据题干中catalyst替换到第7段，论点为上一句Thenumberofwomenoncorporateboardshasbeensteadilyincreasingwithoutgovernment.在没有政府的情况下，公司董事会中的妇女人数一直在稳步增加。可见D选项中theneedlessnessofgovernmentinterventions政府干预的不必要性
34细节题Ctheentryofunqualifiedcandidatesintotheboard
根据Norway定位到倒数第三段第一句，要求将性别作为董事会成员的主要资格，必然会导致私营部门董事会减少。紧接着下文董事会成员的机会越来越多，却没有合格的女性来担任董事会成员，由此可见会有不合格的人进入董事会，正确选项C不合格候选人进入董事会
35推断BFeasibilityshouldbeaprimeconcerninpolicymaking由最后一段可知，下次有人把企业配额作为促进性别平等的一种方式。请记住，这些基本上都是自私自利的措施，让他们的赞助商感觉良好，但其实并没有什么帮助。由此可知该政策并不可取，正确选项B可行性应是决策的首要考虑因素
Text4
LastThursday,theFrenchSenatepassedadigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtax
onlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservicestoconsumersorusersinFrance.Digitalservicesincludeeverythingfromprovidingaplatformforsellinggoodsandservicesonlinetotargetingadvertisingbasedonuserdata,andthetaxappliestogrossrevenuefromsuchservces.ManyFrenchpoliticiansandmediaoutletshavereferredtothisasa“GAFAtax,"meaningthatitisdesignedtoapplyprimarilytocompaniessuchasGoogle,Apple,FacebookandAmazon-inotherwords,multiationaltechcompaniesbasedintheUnitedStates.
ThedigitalservicestaxnowawaitsthesignatureofPresidentEmmanuelMacron,whohasexpressedsupportforthemeasure,anditcouldgointoeffectwithinthenextfewweeks.Butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,withtheUniteSatestraderepresentativeopeninganinvestigationintowhetherthetaxdiscriminatesagainstAmericancompanies,whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance.
TheFrenchtaxisnotjustaunilateralmovebyonecountryinneedofrevenue.Instead,thedigitalservicestaxispartofamuchlargertrend,withcountriesoverthepastfewyearsproposingorputtinginplaceanalphabetsoupofnewinternationaltaxprovisions.ThesehaveincludedBritain'sDPT(divertedprofitstax),Australia'sMAAL(multinationalantiavoidancelaw),andIndia'sSEP(significanteconomicpresence)test,tonamebutafew.Atthesametime,theEuropeanUnion,Spain,Britainandseveralothercountrieshaveallseriouslycontemplateddigitalservicestaxes.
Theseunilateraldevelopmentsdifferintheirspecifics,buttheyarealldesignedtotaxmultinationalsonincomeandrevenuethatcountriesbelievetheyshouldhavearighttotax,evenifinternationaltaxrulesdonotgrantthemthatright.Inotherwords,theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeep;upwiththecurrenteconomy.
Inresponsetothesemanyunilateralmeasures,theOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment(OECD)iscurrentlyworkingwith131countriestoreachaconsensusbytheendof2020onaninternationalsolution.BothFranceandtheUnitedStatesareinvolvedintheorganization'swork,butFrance'sdigitalservicestaxandtheAmericanresponseraisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsfortheinternationaltaxsystem.
France‘splannedtaxisaclearwarning:Unlessabroadconsensuscanbereachedonreformingtheinternationaltaxsystem,othernationsarelikelytofollowsuit,andAmericancompanieswillfaceacascadeofdifferenttaxesfromdozensofnationsthatwillproveburdensomeandcostly.
36.TheFrenchSenatehaspassedabillto_____
[A]regulatedigitalservicesplatforms.
[B]protectFrenchcompanies'interests.
[C]imposealevyontechmultinationals.
[D]curbtheinfluenceofadvertising.
37.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph2thatthedigitalservicestax_____
[A]maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance.
[B]isapttoarousecriticismathomeandabroad.
[C]aimstoeaseinternationaltradetensions.
[D]willpromptthetechgiantstoquitFrance.
38.Thecountriesadoptingtheunilateralmeasuressharetheopinionthat_____
[A]redistributionoftechgiants'revenuemustbeensured.
[B]thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading.
[C]techmultinationals'monopolyshouldbeprevented.
[D]allcountriesoughttoenjoyequaltaxingrights.
39.ItcanbelearnedfromPara5thattheOECO'scurrentwork_____
[A]isbeingresistedbyUScompanies.
[B]needstobereadjustedimmediately.
[C]isfacedwithuncertainprospects.
[D]needstoininvolvemorecountries.
40.Whichofthefollowingmightbethe.besttitleforthistext
[A]FranceIsConfrontedwithTradeSanctions
[B]FranceleadsthechargeonDigitalTax
[C]FranceSays"NO"toTechMultinationals
[D]FranceDemandsaRoleintheDigitalEconomy
36.【C】imposealevyontechmultinationals细节题。根据题干直接定位到第一段第一句话adigitalservicestax,whichwouldimposeanentirelynewtaxonlargemultinationalsthatprovidedigitalservices…;选项C中的“levy”和“tax”同义复现;“techmultinationals”和digitalservices同义复现。因此C为正确答案，奇遇选项均未体现。
37.【A】maytriggercountermeasuresagainstFrance推断题。根据提干定位到第二段，第二段第二句话butithasalreadysparkedsignificantcontroversy,…,whichinturncouldleadtotradesanctionsagainstFrance(这已经引起了巨大的反抗，…,反过来也会导致针对法国的贸易制裁)和选项A相一致;其中选项中的“trigger”和原文的“leadto”同义复现，“sanction”和“countermeasure”同义复现。其余选项均未体现。
38.【B】thecurrentinternationaltaxsystemneedsupgrading细节题。根据题干定位到第四段最后一句话“theyallshareaviewthattheinternationaltaxsystemhasfailedtokeepupwiththecurrenteconomy(他们都认为国际税收体系并未跟上当前经济形势)。选项B目前的国际税收体系需要升级是该句话的反义复现。其余选项均为体现。
39.【C】isfacedwithuncertainprospects细节题。根据提干定位到第五段最后一句话”raisequestionsaboutwhatthefutureholdsfortheinternationaltaxsystem(对于国际税收体系的未来充满疑虑)”和选项C相一致。其中选项中的“uncertain”和原文中的“raisequestions”同义复现，“prospects”和原文中的“future”同义复现。
PartB
Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthefistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)
[A]Eyefixactionsarebrief
[B]Toomucheyecontactisinstinetivelyfelttoberude
[C]Eyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignal
[D]Personalitycanaffecthowapersonreactstoeyecontact
[E]Biologicalfactorsbehindeyecontactarebeinginvestigated
[F]Mostpeoplearenotcomfortableholdingeyecontactwithstrangers
[G]Eyecontactcanalsobeaggressive.
Inasocialsituation,eyecontactwithanotherpersoncanshowthatyouarepayingattentioninafriendlyway.Butitcanalsobeantagonisticsuchaswhenapoliticalcandidatetumstowardtheircompetitorduringadebateandmakeseyecontactthatsignalshostility.Here'swhathardsciencerevealsabouteyecontact:
41.________________
Weknowthatatypicalinfantwillinstinctivelygazeintoitsmother'seyes,andshewilllookback.Thismutualgazeisamajorpartoftheattachmentbetweenmotherandchild.Inadulthood,lookingsomeoneelseinapleasantwaycanbeacomplimentarysignofpayingattention.Itcancatchsomeone'sattentioninacrowdedroom,"Eyecontactandsmile"cansignalavailabilityandconfidence,acommon-sensenotionsupportedinstudiesbypsychologistMonicaMoore.
42.________
NeuroscientistBonnieAugeungfoundthatthehormoneoxytocinincreasedtheamountofeyecontactfrommentowardtheinterviewerduringabriefinterviewwhenthedirectionoftheirgazewasrecorded.Thiswasalsofoundinhigh-functioningmenwithsomeautisticspectrumsymptoms,whomaytendtoavoideyecontact.Specificbrainregionsthatrespondduringdirectgazearebeingexploredbyotherresearches,usingadvancedmethodsofbrainscanning.
43.________
Withtheuseofeye-trackingtechnology,JuliaMinsonoftheHarvardKennedySchoolofGovernmentconcludedthateyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages,dependingonthesituationWhileeyecontactmaybeasignofconnectionortrustinfriendlysituations,it'smorelikelytobeassociatedwithdominanceOFintimidationinadversarialsituations.Whetheryou'reapoliticianoraparent,itmightbehelpfultokeep'inmindthattryingtomaintaineyecontactmaybackfireifyou'retryingtoconvincesomeonewhohasadifferentsetofbeliefsthanyou,"saidMinson.
44.________
Whenwelookatafaceorapicture,oureyespauseononespotatatime,oftenontheeyesormouth.Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond,andtheeyesthenjumptoanotherspot,untilseveralimportantpointsintheimageareregisteredlikeaseriesofsnapshots.Howthewholeimageisthenassembledandperceivedisstillamysteryalthoughitisthesubjectofcurrentresearch.
45.________
Inpeoplewhoscorehighinatestofneuroticism,apersonalitydimensionassociatedwithself-consciousnessandanxiety,eyecontacttriggeredmoreactivityassociatedwithavoidance,accordingtotheFinnishresearcherJariHietanenandcolleagues.Ourfindingsindicatethatpeopledonotonlyfeeldifferentwhentheyarethecentreofattentionbutthattheirbrainreactionsalsodiffer-"Amoredirectfindingisthatpeoplewhoscoredhighfornegativeemotionslikeanxietylookedatothersforshorterperiodsoftimeandreportedmorecomfortablefeelingswhenothersdidnotlookdirectlyatthem.
41.答案：C.Eyecontactcanbeafriendlysocialsignal
解析：本段第三句说了，“canbeacomplimentarysignificantofpayingattention”，此外本段最后一句也说：眼神接触和微笑能signalavailabilityandconfidence发送可用性和自信的信号。都说明眼神接触是个友善的社交信号。因此选C。
42.答案：E
解析：本段第一句就出现了hormone荷尔蒙，此外，本段中出现的oxytocin催产素，hign-functioning高官能，autisticspectrumsymptoms自闭症谱系症状等词都说明是在聊生物因素。最后一句中还有explore探索，brainscanning脑部扫描。所以选E
43.答案：G
解析：本段第一句就说了eyecontactcansignalverydifferentkindsofmessages，dependingonthesituation眼神接触根据不同情况会发出不同的讯息。下一句主干说在不利环境中，会与dominance支配orintimidation恫吓有关联。因此G为正确答案。
44.答案：A
解析：本段第一句就提到了time，第二句清楚地说到了Thesepausestypicallyoccurataboutthreepersecond，通常每秒三次，充分说明很快，所以选A。
45.答案：D
解析：第一句话中就有personality。在引用中转折之后，buttheirbrainreactionsalsodiffer人们脑部反应不同，最后一句话更加明确说到高负能量的人更觉得被人直视令人不舒服。因此选D。
PartCTranslation
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
FollowingtheexplosionofcreativityinFlorenceduringthe14thcenturyknownastheRenaissance,themodernworldsawadeparturefromwhatithadonceknown.ItturnedfromGodandtheauthorityoftheRomanCatholicChurchandinsteadfavouredamorehumanisticapproachtobeing.RenaissanceideashadspreadthroughoutEuropewellintothe17thcentury,withtheartsandsciencesflourishingextraordinarilyamongthosewithamorelogicaldisposition.46.With(thegapbetween)thechurch'steachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegapbetweenthemedievalandmodernperiodshadbeenbridged,leadingtonewandunexploredintellectualterritories.
DuringtheRenaissance,thegreatmindsofNicolausCopernicus,JohannesKeplerandGalileoGalileidemonstratedthepowerofscientificstudyanddiscovery.47.Beforeeachoftheirrevelations,manythinkersatthetimehadsustainedmoreancientwaysofthinking,includingthegeocentricviewthattheEarthwasatthecentreofouruniverse.Copernicustheorizedin1543thatinactualfact,alloftheplanetsthatweknewofrevolvednotaroundtheEarth,buttheSun,asystemthatwaslaterupheldbyGalileoathisownexpense.Offeringupsuchatheoryduringatimeofhightensionbetweenscientificandreligiousmindswasbrandedasheresy,andanysuchhereticsthatcontinuedtospreadtheseliesweretobepunishedbyimprisonmentorevendeath.GalileowasexcommunicatedbytheChurchandimprisonedforlifeforhisastronomicalobservationsandhissupportoftheheliocentricprinciple.
48.DespiteattemptsbytheChurchtostrong-armthisnewgenerationoflogiciansandrationalists,moreexplanationsforhowtheuniversefunctionedwerebeingmade,andataratethatthepeople-includingtheChurch-couldnolongerignore.Itwaswiththesegreatrevelationsthatanewkindofphilosophyfoundedinreasonwasborn.
TheChurch'slong-standingdogmawaslosingthegreatbattlefortruthtorationalistsandscientists.ThisveryfactembodiedthenewwaysofthinkingthatsweptthroughEuropeduringmostofthe17thcentury.49.Asmanytookonthedutyoftryingtointegratereasoningandscientificphilosophiesintotheworld.TheRenaissancewasoveranditwastimeforanewera-theAgeofReason.
The17thand18thcenturiesweretimesofradicalchangeandcuriosity.Scientificmethod,reductionismandthequestioningofChurchidealswastobeencouraged,aswereideasofliberty,toleranceandprogress.50.SuchactionstoseekknowledgeandtounderstandwhatinformationwealreadyknewwerecapturedbytheLatinphrase'sapereaude'or'daretoknow',afterImmanuelKantuseditinhisessayAnAnswertotheQuestion:WhatisEnlightenmentItwasthepurposeandresponsibilityofgreatmindstogoforthandseekoutthetruth,whichtheybelievedtobefoundedinknowledge.
46.With(thegapbetween)thechurch'steachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingeclipsedbytheRenaissance,thegapbetweenthemedievalandmodernperiodshadbeenbridged,leadingtonewandunexploredintellectualterritories.
由于文艺复兴时期教会的教义和思维方式之间的差距被消除，中世纪和现代时期之间的差距得以弥合，导致了新的和未开发的知识领域。
47.Beforeeachoftheirrevelations,manythinkersatthetimehadsustainedmoreancientwaysofthinking,includingthegeocentricviewthattheEarthwasatthecentreofouruniverse.
每个启示出现之前，当时的许多思想家都采用更为古老的思维方式，包括地心说的观点，该观点认为地球是我们宇宙的中心。
48.DespiteattemptsbytheChurchtosopsuppressthisnewgenerationoflogiciansandrationalists，moreexplorationsforhowtheuniversefunctionedwerebeingmadeataratethatpeoplecouldnolongerignore.
尽管教堂做出许多尝试去压制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，但是更多对于宇宙是如何运作的探索正在以人们难以忽视的速度进行着。
49.Asmanytookonthedutyoftryingtointegratereasoningandscientificphilosophiesintotheworld,theRenaissancewasoveranditwastimeforanewera.
正当很多人致力于尝试把推理和科学哲理融入到世界时，文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的时代到来了。
50.SuchactionstoseekknowledgeandtounderstandwhatinformationwealreadyknewwerecapturedbytheLatinphrase's‘Sapereaude’or’daretoknow’.
这些探索知识并且理解已知信息的行为可以用拉丁文“Sapereaude”或英文“daretoknow”描述。
【解析】
1.本句主干为thegapbetweenthemedievalandmodernperiodshadbeenbridged(中世纪和现代时期之间的差距得以弥合)
2.With(thegapbetween)thechurch'steachingsandwaysofthinkingbeingeclipsedbytheRenaissance做伴随状语，其中beingeclipsed是with+宾语+宾补结构的一部分。
3.leadingtonewandunexploredintellectualterritories现在分词作结果状语。
【参考译文】
1.本句主干为manythinkersatthetimehadsustainedmoreancientwaysofthinking(当时的许多思想家都采用更为古老的思维方式)，其中atthetime作后置定语修饰manythinkers。
3.includingthegeocentricviewthattheEarthwasatthecentreofouruniverse，分词作后置定语修饰waysofthinking，其中that后是同位语从句修饰限定view。
【参考译文】在每个启示之前，当时的许多思想家都采用更为古老的思维方式，包括地心说的观点，该观点认为地球是我们宇宙的中心。
48)DespiteattemptsbytheChurchtosuppressthisnewgenerationoflogiciansandrationalists，moreexplorationsforhowtheuniversefunctionedwerebeingmadeataratethatpeoplecouldnolongerignore.
1.本句主干为moreexplorationsforhowtheuniversefunctionedwerebeingmade(更多对于宇宙是如何运作的探索正在进行着)，其中for后面是how引导的宾语从句。
2.DespiteattemptsbytheChurchtosuppressthisnewgenerationoflogiciansandrationalists
做方式状语，其中tosuppress...作后置定语修饰attempts
3.thatpeoplecouldnolongerignore做定语从句修饰rate。
49)Asmanytookonthedutyoftryingtointegratereasoningandscientificphilosophiesintotheworld,theRenaissancewasoveranditwastimeforanAgeofReason.
1.本句主干为theRenaissancewasoveranditwastimeforanewera.(文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的时代到来了)，是两个并列单句。
(1)tookontheduty，意思为“承担责任”
(2)of后是介宾短语作后置定语修饰duty。
正当很多人致力于尝试把推理和科学哲理融入到世界时，文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的理性时代到来了。
50)SuchactionstoseekknowledgeandtounderstandwhatinformationwealreadyknewwerecapturedbytheLatinphrase's‘Sapereaude’or‘daretoknow’.
1.本句是一简单句，主干的谓语动词是werecaptured
2.toseekknowledgeandtounderstandwhatinformationwealreadyknew部分是不定式作后置定语，修饰suchactions，其中whatinformationwealreadyknew是understand的宾语从句。
试图去寻求知识和理解我们已有信息这种行动由拉丁文词语‘Sapereaude’或‘daretoknow’来描述。
SectionIVWriting
Directions:TheStudentUnionofyouruniversityhasassignedyoutoinformtheinternationalstudentsanupcomingsingingcontest.Writeanoticeinabout100words.WriteyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.Donotuseyournameinthenotice.
Notice
December21,2019
一段：Toensurethatstudentsfromoverseashaveabundantextracurricularactivities,Iamwritingtoinformyouofsomerelevantinformationwithregardtothesingingcompetition.
二段：ThiseventwillbeheldintheauditoriumofouruniversityonMay10,2020,anditwillstartat7andendat10o’clockintheevening.Attheopeningceremony,ourheadmasterwillmakeclearthatthepurposeofthecompetitionistoenrichtheextracurricularactivitiesofthestudentsoncampus.Participantswillbefromdifferentmajorsinouruniversity.Thenisthetimeforthesingingcontest.
三段：Wearelookingforwardtoseeingyouthere.Youwillhavememorableandhappytimeinthisevent.
TheStudentUnion
52:Directions:
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthepicturebelow.Inyouressay,youshould:
1)Describethepicturebriefly;
2)Interprettheimpliedmeaning,and
3)Giveyourcomments
2020年考研英语已经结束啦，相信同学们在考场上看到考题会信心满满。因为从内容上来讲，今年的英语一大作文依然延续2019年的出题思路，考查了品质类话题的图画作文，而不同的地方在于2019年是一幅图，但今年却是两幅图相反。从难度上来说，今年和去年持平，对于“习惯”的英语表达，相信大家都不陌生是“habit”。
另外，注意大作文的评分侧重点。考研大纲指出：B节作文的评分侧重点在于信息点的完整、内容组织的连贯、语言的准确性、语言的多样性。字迹工整，少涂抹痕迹也很关键哦。
下面附加范文以供小可爱们参考。
范文：
4)Fromthefirstsimplebutcompellingcartoonwecanseethatayounggirlismakinggreateffortsonherschoolworkwithearnestexpressions,whichsuccessfullycapturesoureyes.Onthecontrary,whatisdifferentlydelineatedinthesecondphotoisthatalazyboyisnotreadingbutlyingonthesofawithanunfoldbookandapenonthebookdesk.Apparently,bythecontrastofthesetwopictures,theexplicitimplicationemergesinfrontofusthatthepowerofgoodhabitsshouldbeattachedgreatimportanceto.
5)Variousfunctions,asamatteroffact,arebehindthisqualityillustratedinthispictureoutasfarasIknowthefollowingtwomatterenormously.Tobeginwith,schedulingistheartofplanningyouractivitiessothatyoucanachieveyourgoalsandprioritiesinthetimethatyouhaveavailable.Whenit'sdoneeffectively,ithelpsyouunderstandwhatyoucanrealisticallyachievewithyourtimeandworksteadilytowardyourpersonalandcareergoals;Inaddition,hereistheotherpointthatnoonecanignore.Itisuniversallyadmittedthatittakestimetochangeahabit,andprocrastinationisahabitthatrequiresalittlebitofefforttoovercome.Taskaversion,distractibilityandimpulsivenessarecommontypesofprocrastination.Moreover,theyaretheeasiesttoovercomeifweacquirethehabitoftimemanagement.
6)Basedontheafore-saiddiscussion,itisadvisableforustotakestepstocarryforwardthequality.Allinall,itishightimetostrengthenpeople’sawarenessinthisaspect.Onlyinthiswaycanwemakethebestoftimemanagmentandembraceabrightfuture.