26个字母中有5个纯元音字母(AEIOU),20个纯辅音字母。字母Y为半元音字母,当Y位于词首时为辅音字母,位于词中或词尾时为元音字母,其读音与字母I相同。一般来讲,元音字母在单词中读成元音音素,辅音字母在单词中读成辅音音素。
字母在单词中的读音分为三种情况:一是一个字母读一个音素,二是字母组合在一起读一个音素,三是字母在单词中不发声(voiceless)。
我们可以形象地把读一个音素的字母比作汉字中的笔画,在英语中这个笔画是形声的,把读一个音素的字母组合比作汉字中形声偏旁。所以,掌握字母及字母组合的读音规则就如学习汉字中的笔画与部首偏旁一样,是掌握英语单词拼写和拼读的关键。
二.字母的读音一般规则
元音字母在单词中读元音音素,辅音字母在单词中读辅音音素,理论上每个元音字母要有四种读音才能满足20个元音音素的读音需要。我们把元音字母的四种读音分别称为:重开音,重闭音,非重音与协同音。
重开音是指元音字母在重读开音节的读音,元音字母在重读开音节中一般读字母本身的音或长音。重闭音是指元音字母在重读闭音节中的读。为了方便记忆我们可以把五个元音字母在重读闭音节的读音与单词对应起来,分别是:A读cat;E读egg;I读pig;O读dog;U读bus。
非重音指的是元音字母在非重读音节的读音,元音字母在非重读音节一般有[]与[i]两种读音。协同音是指元音字母在单词中的读音受到前面或后字母影响的读音。元音字母在单词中的读音一般规则可以归纳为下表:
1.字母在单词中的读音
1)读字母音[ei],例如:name[neim]grade[greid]eraser[i'reis]cake[keik]bike[baik]same[seim]table['teibl]late[leit]favourite['feivrit]face[feis]tape[teip]plane[plein]potato[p'teitu]skate[skeit]make[meik]lake[leik]take[teik]save[seiv]station['stein]baker['beik]place[pleis]tomato[t'meitu]safe[seif]gate[geit]snake[sneik]cage[keid]baby['beibi]paper['peip]famous['feims]later['leit]radio['reidiu]patient['peint]
2)字母A读长音[a:],例如:banana[b'n:n]father['f:]rather['r:]
3)字母A读[],例如:map[mp]bag[bg]apple['pl]fax[fks]glad[gld]hat[ht]black[blk]catch[kt]hamburger['hmb:g]math[mθ]rabbit['rbit]bank[bk]accident['ksidnt]happen['hpn]marry['mri]exam[ig'zm]cabbage['kbid]passenger['psind]fact[fkt]parrot['prt]
4)字母A在W后读[]或[:],例如:washroom['wrum]watch[wt]water['w:t]wash[w]was[wz]Washington['witn]
5)字母A在S/n前读[a:],例如:class[kl:s]ask[:sk]past[p:st]basket['b:skit]glass[gl:s]pass[p:s]France[fr:ns]dance[d:ns]fast[f:st]last[l:st]grass[gr:s]headmaster['hed'm:st]
6)字母A在L前读[:],例如:ball[b:l]wall[w:l]small[sm:l]tall[t:l]all[:l]talk[t:k]call[k:l]walk[w:k]already[:l'redi]although[:l'u]hall[h:l]salt[s:lt]false[f:ls]almost[:lmst]also[:ls]
7)字母A读音例外词:
have[hv]family['fmili]many['meni]any['eni]animal['niml]madam['mdm]manager['mnid]
2.字母在单词中的读音
1)读字母音[i:],例如:these[i:z]we[wi:]evening['i:vni]be[bi:]even['i:vn]Chinese['tai'ni:z]Japanese[,dp'ni:z]she[i:]he[hi:]me[mi:]we[wi:]metre['mi:t]Swedish['swi:di]scenery['si:nri]eve[i:v]
2)字母E读[e],例如:very['veri]America['merikn]vegetable['veditbl]medicine['medisin]melon['meln]second['seknd]never['nev]together[t'ge]celebrate['selibreit]elephant['elifnt]
3)字母E读[e],例如:ten[ten]spell[spel]pen[pen]desk[desk]egg[eg]welcome['welkm]let[let]address['dres]dress[dres]next['nekst]leg[leg]empty['empti]mend[mend]chess[tes]rest[rest]letter['let]better['bet]left[left]tell[tel]remember[ri'memb]invent[in'vent]December[di'semb]wet[wet]message['mesid]
4)字母E在ri/ro前读[i],例如:zero['ziru]serious['siris]period['prd]experience[k'sprns]series['sriz]
3.字母在单词中的读音
1)字母I读[ai],例如:hi[hai]nine[nain]minus['mains]Chinese['tai'ni:z]fine[fain]licence['laisns]wife[waif]kite[kait]white[hwait]line[lain]mine[main]beside[bi'said]knife[naif]rice[rais]ice[ais]ride[raid]Friday['fraidi]write[rait]price[prais]hike[haik]exciting[ik'saiti]lion['lain]tiger['taig]quite[kwait]diary['dairi]science['sains]invite[in'vait]wine[wain]quiet['kwait]surprise[s'praiz]
2)字母I读[i:],例如:police[p'li:s]machine[m'i:n]policeman[p'li:smn]magazine[,mg'zi:n]
3)字母I读[i],例如:six[siks]think[θik]picture['pikt]twin[twin]with[wi]drink[drik]chips[tip]swim[swim]sing[si]dinner['din]dish[di]trip[trip]winter['wint]pick[pik]lift[lift]village['vilid]
4)字母I在gh前读[ai],例如:right[rait]light[lait]bright[brait]flight[flait]
5)字母I读音例外词:river['riv]give[giv]city['siti]visit['vizit]finish['fini]cinema['sinim]digital['diditl]after[':ft]
4.字母在单词中的读音
1)字母O读[u],例如:no[nu]hello[h'lu]home[hum]those[uz]over['uv]phone[fun]open['upn]so[su]nose[nuz]broken['brukn]robot['rubt]code[kud]close[kluz]hotel[hu'tel]smoke[smuk]October[k'tub]hope[hup]ago['gu]Rome[rum]suppose[s'puz]mobile['mubil]notice['nutis]
2)字母O读[u:],例如:who[hu:]do[du:]improve[m'pruv]move[mu:v]lose[lu:z]canoe[k'nu:]
3)字母O读[],例如:not[nt]clock[klk]forgot[f'gt]doctor['dkt]lock[lk]doll[dl]from[frm]sock[sk]shop[p]hot[ht]fog[fg]hospital['hspitl]job[db]hobby['hbi]problem['prblm]dollar['dl]college['klid]dolphin['dlfin]soccer['sk]rock[rk]concert['knst]song[s]crop[krp]opposite['pzit]
4)字母O在th/ve/n/m前读[],例如:one[wn]mother['m]brother['br]love[lv]some[sm]money['mni]glove[glv]other[']Monday['mndei]company['kmpni]another['n]nothing['nθi]monkey['mki]front[frnt]month[mnθ]comfortable['kmftbl]wonder['wnd]
5)字母I读音例外词:colour['kl]body['bdi]woman['wumn]popular['ppjul]opera['pr]post[pust]most[must]both[buθ]pocket['pkit]lost[lst]
5.字母在单词中的读音
1)字母U读[ju:],例如:computer[km'pju:t]excuse[iks'kju:z]student['stju:dnt]use[ju:z]music['mju:zik]usually['ju:uli]refuse[ri'fju:z]human['hju:mn]produce[pr'dju:s]scuba['skju:b]contribution[,kntri'bju:n]pupil['pju:pl]universe['ju:niv:s]huge[hju:d]duty['dju:ti]
2)字母U读[u:],例如:ruler['ru:l]true[tru:]July[du:'lai]June[du:n]pollute[p'lu:t]rule[ru:l]
3)字母U读[],例如:number['nmb]plus[pls]cup[kp]bus[bs]much[mt]us[s]husband['hzbnd]uncle['kl]must[mst]lunch[lnt]hundred['hndrd]hungry['hgri]jump[dmp]run[rn]fun[fn]discuss[di'sks]pumpkin['pmpkin]summer['sm]duck[dk]subject['sbdikt]suddenly['sdnli]
4)字母U在q/g后读[w],例如:question['kwestn]quickly['kwikli]language['lgwid]quiet['kwait]quarrel['kwrl]penguin['pegwin]
5)字母U读音例外词:study['stdi]busy['bizi]business['biznis]put[put]full[ful]push[pu]pull[pul]
6.元音字母在非重读音节读音
1).元音字母在非重读音节读[i]
college['klid]toilet['tilit]orange[':rind]family['fmili]porridge['prid]tennis['tenis]chicken['tikin]language['lgwid]manager['mnid]harvest['h:vist]forest['frist]toilet['tilit]village['vilid]subject['sbdikt]temperature['temprit]message['mesid]kitchen['kitin]cabbage['kbid]chocolate['tklit]pocket['pkit]racket['rkit]wallet['wlit]knowledge['nlid]encourage[in'krid]
2).元音字母在非重读音节读[]
husband['hzbnd]Japan[d'pn]America['merik]machine[m'i:n]again['gen]company['kmpni]agree['gri:]panda['pnd]around['raund]library['laibrri]
英语辅音字母有20个,辅音音素28个,所以相对于元音字母辅音字母的读音比较对称。大多数辅音字母在单词中读字母音的节首或韵尾,少数辅音字母对应多个读音,也有个别辅音字母不发音。辅音字母在单词中的读音如下表:
1.字母读的读音
1)字母读[s],例如:nice[nais]licence['laisns]certainly['s:tnli]rice[rais]price[prais]city['siti]medicine['medisin]cent[sent]century['senturi]celebrate['selibreit]exciting[ik'saiti]cinema['sinim]centre['snt]concert['knst]decide[di'said]circle['s:kl]
2).字母C读[],例如:delicious[di'lis]especially[is'peli]appreciate[pri:iet]precious[pres]social[sl]associate[siet]ocean[n]official[fl]ancient[ennt]
3).字母C读[k],例如:can[kn]secret['si:krit]clock[klk]cup[kp]computer[km'pju:t]cake[keik]car[k:]cat[kt]coat[kut]uncle['kl]doctor['dkt]cap[kp]lock[lk]colour['kl]count[kaunt]clean[kli:n]
2.字母的读音
字母N在K或G前读[],例如:think[θik]thanks[θks]thing[θi]long[l]strong[str]singer['si]song[s]ring[ri]finger['fig]sink[sik]pink[pik]
3.字母的读音
1).字母S读轻音[]或[],例如:sure[u]Russian['rn]musician[mjuzn]official[fl]social[sl]pleasure['ple]
2)字母S读轻音[s],例如:six[siks]plus[pls]minus['mains]spell[spel]secret['si:krit]desk[desk]bus[bs]sorry['sri]]seven['sevn]sister['sist]same[seim]sit[sit]see[si:]address['dres]guess[ges]must[mst]sky[skai]dress[dres]past[p:st]
3)字母S读浊音[z],例如:is[iz]please[pli:z]blouse[blauz]Chinese['tai'ni:z]Japanese[,dp'ni:z]his[hiz]excuse[iks'kju:z]these[i:z]husband['hzbnd]
4.字母的读音
1)字母T读[t],例如:ten[ten]secret['si:krit]cat[kt]at[t]sister['sist]boat[but]student['stju:dnt]
2)字母T读[],例如:station['stein]composition[,kmp'zin]patient['peint]mention['menn]information[,inf'mein]competition[,kmpi'tin]
3).字母T读[t],例如:picture['pikt]century['senturi]temperature['temprit]future['fju:t]question['kwestn]
5.字母的读音
1)字母X读清音[ks],例如:excuse[kskju:s]expect[eksp:t]exchange[kstend]except[ksept]experience[ksprins]experiment[kspermnt]explain[ksplen]expose[k'spz]express[kspres]expensive[kspensv]extraordinary[kstr:dnri]
2)字母X读浊音[gz],例如:exact[gzkt]exam[gzm]example[ga:mpl]exist[gzst]exhaust[gz:st]executive[gzekjtv]
字母组合的读音一般规则
R音节是由五个元音字母加上辅音字母R一起构成的音节,R音节是许多单词的构成部分,掌握R音节的读音一般规则对单词的拼读与记忆很有帮助。在单词中如果出现元音字母后有两个R连在一起,如sorry,parrot,hurry,这里的两个R是为了区分开音节与闭音节,这样的结构一般不是R音节。R音节在单词中的读音一般规则如下表:
1.R音节在重读音节中的读音
1).ar在重读音节中读[a:],例如:sharpener[':pn]car[k:]dark[d:k]arm[:m]card[k:d]park[p:k]hard[h:d]farmer['f:m]party['p:ti]artist[':tist]garden['g:dn]far[f:]pork[p:k]
2).er在重读音节中读[ε:],例如:term[t:m]certainly['s:tnli]Berlin[b:'lin]person['p:sn]university[,ju:ni'v:siti]Germany['d:mni]serve[s:v]prefer[pri'f:]deserve[di'z:v]nervous['n:vs]expert[ek'sp:t]
3.)ir在重读音节中读[ε:],例如:skirt[sk:t]thirty['θ:ti]thirsty['θ:sti]first[f:st]nurse[n:s]birthday['b:θdei]circle['s:kl]T-shirt['ti::t]dirty['d:ti]
4).or在重读音节中读[:],例如:for[f:]short[:t]sport[sp:t]born[b:n]report[ri'p:t]north[n:θ]fork[f:k]nor[n:]order[':d]corner['k:n]storm[st:m]afford['f:d]performance[p'f:mns]
5).ur在重读音节中读[ε:],例如:purse[p:s]purple['p:pl]Thursday['θ:zdi]turkey['t:ki]turn[t:n]church[t:t]disturb[dis't:b]hurt[h:t]return[ri't:n]surfing['s:fi]Turkey['t:ki]
2.R音节在非重读音节中读
R音节在非重读音节中读[],例如:number['nmb]ruler['ru:l]father['f:]after[':ft]doctor['dkt]Saturday['stdi]dollar['dl]popular['ppjul]sugar['ug]perhaps[p'hps]conductor[kn'dkt]scissors['sizz]comfortable['kmftbl]inventor[in'vent]shepherd['epd]inspector[in'spekt]
3.R音节在后的读音
1).ar在W后读[:],例如:wardrobe['w:drub]warm[w:m]war[w:]towards[t'w:dz]rewarding[ri'w:di]
2).or在W后读[ε:],例如:work[w:k]word[w:d]world[w:ld]worse[w:s]worth[w:θ]form[f:m]
英语单词中的字母组合相当于我们汉字中的形声偏旁,掌握一些常见的字母组合及其读音对单词的拼读与记忆非常有益。英语中常见两个字母组合可分为三种类型:元音字母组合,元辅音字母组合及H辅音字母组合。英语中也有一些三个或三个以上的字母组合在一起发音。
1.十个元音字母组合及其读音:
1).字母EA组合的读音
EA组合读[i:],例如:please[pli:z]teacher['ti:t]seat[si:t]clean[kli:n]speak[spi:k]eat[i:t]meat[mi:t]tea[ti:]cream[kri:m]easy['i:zi]team[ti:m]each[i:t]leave[li:v]sea[si:]cheap[ti:p]east[i:st]wheat[hwi:t]season['si:zn]mean[mi:n]reach[ri:t]dream[dri:m]breathe[bri:]least[li:st]deal[di:l]beach[bi:t];
EA组合读[e],例如:health[helθ]weather['we]ready['redi]weak[wi:k]instead[in'sted]death[deθ]pleasant['pleznt]already[:l'redi]leather['le]sweater['swet]heavy['hevi]head[hed]bread[bred];
EA组合读[ei],例如:break[breik]great[greit]
2).字母AI组合的读音
AI组合读[ei],例如:e-mail[i:'meil]straight[streit]train[trein]afraid['freid]wait[weit]rain[rein]painting['peinti]main[mein]complain[km'plein]pain[pein]fail[feil]mainland['meinlnd]rail[reil]tail[teil]painful['peinfl];
AI组合读[/i],例如:certainly['s:tnli]mountain['mauntin]Britain['britn]captain['kptin];
AI组合读[e],例如:again['gen]against['genst]
3).字母OA组合的读音
OA组合读[u],例如:boat[but]coat[kut]road[rud]download['daunlud]goal[gul]
4)字母OU组合读[au],例如:mouse[maus]our['au]house[haus]trousers['trauzz]about['baut]mouth[mauθ]out[aut]round[raund]ouch[aut]pound[paund]sound[saund]mountain['mauntin]cloud[klaud]south[sauθ]loud[laud]ground[graund]proud[praud]found[faund]drought[draut]count[kaunt]blouse[blauz]around['raund]thousand['θauznd]shout[aut];
OU组合读[],例如:young[j]country['kntri]trouble['trbl]enough[i'nf]encourage[in'krid]rough[rf]double['dbl];
OU组合读[u:/u],例如:you[ju:]could[kud]should[ud]soup[su:p]through[θru:]
5).字母EE组合的读音
EE组合读[i:],例如:three[θri:]thirteen['θ:ti:n]meet[mi:t]see[si:]sheep[i:p]between[bi'twi:n]sleep[sli:p]week[wi:k]wheel[hwi:l]agree['gri:]free[fri:]sweet[swi:t]feed[fi:d]feel[fi:l]need[ni:d]street[stri:t]beef[bi:f]cheese[ti:z]seem[si:m]knee[ni:]screen[skri:n]reef[ri:f]greet[gri:t]freeze[fri:z]
6).字母EI组合的读音
EI组合读[ei],例如:eight[eit]foreign['frin]height[hait]receive[ri'si:v]
7).字母IE组合的读音
IE组合读[i:],例如:piece[pi:s]field[fi:ld]thief[θi:f]believe[bili:v]achieve[ti:v];
IE组合读[ai],例如:tie[tai]die[dai]pie[pai]lie[lai]
8).字母OI的读音
组合读[i],例如:toilet['tilit]coin[kin]oil[il]noise[niz]voice[vis]spoil[spil]soil[sil]point[pint]join[jin]
9)字母OO组合
OO组合读[u:],例如:too[tu:]room[ru:m]broom[bru:m]noon[nu:n]too[tu:]foot[fut]zoo[zu:]noodle['nu:dl]soon[su:n]moon[mu:n]spoon[spu:n]cool[ku:l]pool[pu:l]bamboo[bm'bu:];
OO组合读[u],例如:book[buk]look[luk]good[gud]cook[kuk]wool[wul]wood[wud];
OO组合读[],例如:flood[fld]blood[bld]
10)字母AU组合
AU组合读[:],例如:daughter['d:t]Australia[:s'treilj]because[bi'k:z]autumn[':tm]August[:'gst]cause[k:z]pause[p:z]audience[':dins];AU组合读[:],例如:aunt[:nt]laugh[l:f]
2.七个元辅音字母组合及其读音:
R音节是英语中最常见的元辅音字母组合,R音节的读音在前面已讲到。除了R音节外,英语中常见的元辅音字母组合如下表:
1).字母AW组合读[:],例如:draw[dr:]law[l:]saw[s:]awful[:fl]flaw[fl:]lawn[l:n]jaw[d:]paw[p:]
2)字母AY组合读[ei],例如:today[t'dei]way[wei]play[plei]say[sei]day[dei]away['wei]player['plei]may[mei]stay[stei]maybe['meibi]relay[ri'lei]lay[lei]pay[pei]
3)字母EW组合读[ju:],例如:news[nju:z]few[fju:]chew[tu:]crew[]jewelry['du:lr]Jewish[du:]
4)字母EY组合读在重读音节中读[ei]或[i:],例如:hey[hei]they[ei]grey[grei]key[ki:];在非重读音节中读[i],例如:money['mni]Sydney['sidni]turkey['t:ki]monkey['mki]
5)字母EX组合读[gz],例如:exact[gzkt]exam[gzm]example[ga:mpl]exist[gzst]exhaust[gz:st]executive[gzekjtv];
字母EX组合读[ks],例如:excuse[kskju:s]expect[eksp:t]exchange[kstend]except[ksept]experience[ksprins]experiment[kspermnt]explain[ksplen]expose[k'spz]express[kspres]expensive[kspensv]extraordinary[kstr:dnri]
6)字母OY组合读[i],例如:boy[bi]toy[ti]employ[impli]enjoy[indi]
7)字母OW组合读[u],例如:row[ru]know[nu]window['windu]yellow['jelu]throw[θru]borrow['bru]tomorrow[t'm:ru]follow['flu]grow[gru]slow[slu]show[u]snow[snu]below[bi'lu]Moscow['msku]own[un]bowl[bul];
字母OW组合读[au],例如:how[hau]down[daun]now[nau]flower['flau]brown[braun]cow[kau]town[taun]shower['au]crow[kru]allow['lau]
3.五个字母组合及其读音:
字母PH组合读[f],例如:phone[fun]photo['futu]dolphin['dlfin]elephant['elifnt]telephone['telifun]geography[di'grfi]physics['fiziks]telegraph['teligrf]
字母SH组合读[],例如:English['igli]sharpener[':pn]she[i:]shoe[u:]short[:t]fish[fi]shop[p]wash[w]dish[di]wish[wi]shall[l]push[pu]crash[kr]
字母CH组合读[t],例如:teacher['ti:t]much[mt]child[taild]China['tain]chair[t]watch[wt]lunch[lnt]catch[kt]chips[tip]ouch[aut]chess[tes]each[i:t]French[frent]chicken['tikin]cheap[ti:p]match[mt]March[m:t]church[t:t]change[teind]such[st]channel['tnl];
字母CH组合读[k],例如:school[sku:l]ache[ek]stomach[stmk]mechanics[mknk]chemistry[kemstri];
字母CH组合读[],例如:machine[m'i:n]chef[ef]
4)字母SH组合读[],例如:English['igli]sharpener[':pn]she[i:]shoe[u:]short[:t]fish[fi]shop[p]wash[w]dish[di]wish[wi]shall[l]push[pu]crash[kr]
5)字母TH组合读浊音[],例如:that[t]this[is]thanks[θks]father['f:]these[i:z]they[ei]brother['br]with[wi]other['];
字母TH组合读清音[θ],例如:think[θik]thing[θi]something['smθi]math[mθ]health[helθ]third[θ:d]thousand['θauznd]south[sauθ]thin[θin]truth[tru:θ]
4.九个含的三字母组合及其读音
三字母组合主要由字母R构成,其构成方式有两种,一是双字母组合加R,如:ear,air,oar,our。二是R音节加E,如:are,ere,ire,ore,ure。
1)字母EAR组合读[]/[i]/[:],例如:pear[p]wear[w]tear[t]dear[di]ear[i]clear[kli]nearby['nibai]search[s:t]earth[:θ]appear['pi]wear['w]
1)字母AIR组合读[],例如:hair[h]air[]upstairs['p'stz]repair[ri'p]
2)字母OAR组合读[:],例如:keyboard['ki:b:d]blackboard['blkb:d]
4)字母OUR组合读[:]/[:],例如:your[ju]four[f:]journalist['d:nlist]journey['d:ni]pour[p:]
5)字母ARE组合读[],例如:careful['kfl]software['sftw]
6)字母ERE组合读[]/[i]例如:here[hi]where[hw]there[]
7)字母IRE组合读[ai],例如:tire['tai]fireplace['faipleis]hire[fai]
8)字母ORE组合读[:],例如:before[bi'f:]more[m:]score[sk:]explore[iks'pl:]store[st:]
9)字母URE组合读[]/[],例如:sure[(r)]future[fju:t(r)]nature[]net(r)]picture[pkt(r)]