2、sttitleforthispassageis.(2)Thepassage/thefirstparagraphismainlyabout.(3)Whatisthemainidea/topic/purpose/subjectofthepassage(4)Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestsummarizesthemainideaofthepassage(5)Thepassagechieflydiscusses/dealswith.(6)Whichofthefollowingbestst
5、upposeyoureinarush,feelingtired,notpayingattentiontoyourscreen,andyousendanemailthatcouldgetyouintrouble.Realisationwillprobablysetinsecondsafteryouveclicked“send”.Youfreezeinhorrorandburnwithshame.WhattodoHerearefourcommonemailaccidents,andhowtorecover
6、.Clicking“send”toosoonDontwasteyourtimetryingtofindoutifthereceiverhasreadityet.Writeanotheremailasswiftlyasyoucanandsenditwithabrieftitleexplainingthatthisisthecorrectversionandthepreviousversionshouldbeignored.-6-WritingthewrongnameThesooneryounot
7、ice,thebetter.Respondquicklyandbriefly,apologisingforyourmistake.Keepthetonemeasured:donthandleittoolightly,aspeoplecanbeoffended,especiallyifyourerrorsuggestsamisunderstandingoftheirculture(i.e.incorrectorderingofChinesenames).Clicking“replyall”unintentionallyYou
8、accidentallyreveal(透露)totheentirecompanywhatmenuchoicesyouwouldpreferatthestaffChristmasdinner,orwhatholidayyoudliketotake.Inthisinstance,thebestsolutionistosendaquick,light-heartedapologytoexplainyourawkwardness.Butitcanquicklyrisetosomethingworse,whenever
9、yonestartshitting“replyall”tojoininalongandunpleasantconversation.Inthisinstance,stepawayfromyourkeyboardtoalloweveryonetocalmdown.-7-SendinganoffensivemessagetoitssubjectThemostawkwardemailmistakeisusuallycommittedinanger.Youwriteanunkindmessageaboutsome
10、one,intendingtosendittoafriend,butaccidentallysendittothepersonyourediscussing.Inthatcase,asktospeakinpersonassoonaspossibleandsaysorry.Explainyourfrustrationscalmlyandsensiblyseeitasanopportunitytoclearupanydifficultiesyoumayhavewiththisperson.40.What
13、s.Silencesmaybethoughtful,ortheymaybeemptywhenapersonhasnothingtosay.Asilenceinaconversationmayalsoshowstubbornness,uneasiness,orworry.Silencemaybeviewedbysomeculturalgroupsasextremelyuncomfortable;thereforeattemptsmaybemadetofilleverygap(间隙)withconversati
14、on.Personsinotherculturalgroupsvaluesilenceandviewitasnecessaryforunderstandingapersonsneeds.-10-ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicpartofcommunicatingamongpeople,justassometraditionalChineseandThaipersonsdo.Therefore,whenapersonfromoneofthes
15、eculturesisspeakingandsuddenlystops,whatmaybeimplied(暗示)isthatthepersonwantsthelistenertoconsiderwhathasbeensaidbeforecontinuing.Inthesecultures,silenceisacallforreflection.-11-Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamong
16、peopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.Forexample,Russian,French,andSpanishpersonsmayusesilencetoshowagreementbetweenpartiesaboutthetopicunderdiscussion.However,Mexicansmayusesilencewheninstructionsaregivenbyapersoninauthorityratherthanbe
17、rudetothatpersonbyarguingwithhimorher.Instillanotheruse,personsinAsianculturesmayviewsilenceasasignofrespect,particularlytoanelderorapersoninauthority.-12-Nursesandothercare-giversneedtobeawareofthepossiblemeaningsofsilencewhentheycomeacrosstheperso
18、nalanxietytheirpatientsmaybeexperiencing.Nursesshouldrecognizetheirownpersonalandculturalconstructionofsilencesothatapatientssilenceisnotinterruptedtooearlyorallowedtogoonunnecessarily.Anursewhounderstandsthehealing(治愈)valueofsilencecanusethisunderstandin
20、(3)总结段落大意每个段落通常都有个中心,中心思想通常会在首句体现出来,这就是常说的段落主题句。采用归纳法的段落,细节表述在前,归纳概括在后,主题句会在段尾;采用演绎法的段落,先提出观点,后举例子,由一般到特殊,主题句会出现在段首,这种情况主要出现在说明文和议论文中;若作者采用由特殊到一般,然后再由一般到特殊的方式,主题句会出现在段中。有时候,作者没有明确写出主题句,需要读者根据段落的内容去归纳概括本段的大意。-15-【典例分析】Workingwithagroupofbaboons(狒狒)intheNamibiandesert,Dr.AleciaCarterofthe
21、DepartmentofZoology,CambridgeUniversitysetbaboonslearningtasksinvolvinganovelfoodandafamiliarfoodhiddeninabox.Somebaboonsweregiventhechancetowatchanotherbaboonwhoalreadyknewhowtosolvethetask,whileothershadtolearnforthemselves.Toworkouthowbraveoranxiou
22、sthebaboonswere,Dr.Carterpresentedthemeitherwithanovelfoodorathreatintheformofamodelofapoisonoussnake.-16-Shefoundthatpersonalityhadamajorimpactonlearning.Thebraverbaboonslearnt,buttheshyonesdidnotlearnthetaskalthoughtheywatchedthebaboonperformtheta
23、skoffindingthenovelfoodjustaslongasthebraveonesdid.Ineffect,despitebeingmadeawareofwhattodo,theywerestilltooshytodowhattheexperiencedbaboondid.Thesameheldtrueforanxiousbaboonscomparedwithcalmones.Theanxiousindividualslearntthetaskbyobservingotherswh
24、ilethosewhowererelaxeddidnot,eventhoughtheyspentmoretimewatching.-17-Thismismatchbetweencollectingsocialinformationandusingitshowsthatpersonalityplaysakeyroleinsociallearninginanimals,somethingthathaspreviouslybeenignoredinstudiesonhowanimalslearntodothi
25、ngs.Thefindingsaresignificantbecausetheysuggestthatanimalsmayperformpoorlyincognitive(认知的)tasksnotbecausetheyarentcleverenoughtosolvethem,butbecausetheyaretooshyornervoustousethesocialinformation.Thefindingsmayimpacthowweunderstandtheformationofculturein
26、societiesthroughsociallearning.Ifsomeindividualsareunabletogetinformationfromothersbecausetheydontassociatewiththeknowledgeableindividuals,ortheyaretooshytousetheinformationoncetheyhaveit,informationmaynottravelbetweenallgroupmembers,preventingtheformationo
27、faculturebasedonsociallearning.-18-WhatisthefirstparagraphmainlyaboutA.ThesignificanceofDr.Cartersresearch.B.ThepurposeofDr.Cartersresearch.C.ThedesignofDr.Cartersresearch.D.TheresultsofDr.Cartersresearch.段落大意题。通读第一段内容可知,该段主要介绍了艾蕾西娅卡特博士研究狒狒学习能力的方案是如何设计的。答案为C项。-19-AABBC
28、C(2017天津卷,C)Thismonth,Germanystransportminister,AlexanderDobrindt,proposedthefirstsetofrulesforautonomousvehicles(自主驾驶车辆).Theywoulddefinethedriversroleinsuchcarsandgovernhowsuchcarsperformincrasheswherelivesmightbelost.Theproposalattemptstodealwithwhatsomeca
29、llthe“deathvalley”ofautonomousvehicles:thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.-20-AABBCCDobrindtwantsthreethings:thatacaralwayschoosesproperty(财产)damageoverpersonalinjury;thatitneverdistinguishesbetweenhumansba
30、sedonageorrace;andthatifahumanremoveshisorherhandsfromthedrivingwheeltocheckemail,saythecarsmakerisresponsibleifthereisacrash.“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving,”saysDobrindt.Itwillputfullydriverlesscarsonanequallegalfoot
31、ingtohumandrivers,hesays.Whoisresponsiblefortheoperationofsuchvehiclesisnotclearamongcarmakers,consumersandlawyers.“Theliability(法律责任)issueisthebiggestoneofthemall,”saysNatashaMeratattheUniversityofLeeds,UK.-21-AABBCCAnassumptionbehindUKinsurancefordrive
32、rlesscars,introducedearlierthisyear,insiststhatahuman“bewatchfulandmonitoringtheroad”ateverymoment.Butthatisnotwhatmanypeoplehaveinmindwhenthinkingofdriverlesscars.“Whenyousaydriverlesscars,peopleexpectdriverlesscars.”Meratsays.“Youknownodriver.”Becauseoft
33、heconfusion,Meratthinkssomecarmakerswillwaituntilvehiclescanbefullyautomatedwithouthumanoperation.Driverlesscarsmayendupbeingaformofpublictransportratherthanvehiclesyouown,saysRyanCaloatStanfordUniversity,California.ThatishappeningintheUKandSingapore,where
34、government-provideddriverlessvehiclesarebeinglaunched.-22-AABBCCThatwouldgodownpoorlyintheUS,however.“Theideathatthegovernmentwouldtakeoverdriverlesscarsandtreatthemasapublicgoodwouldgetabsolutelynowherehere,”saysCalo.【语篇导读】本文为一篇议论文。德国交通部长就无人驾驶汽车做出了一些提议,并推进了完全无
35、人驾驶汽车的运行,那么,如果无人驾驶汽车出现交通事故,应该谁负主要责任呢是生产商还是车主-23-AABBCC1.Whatdoesthephrase“deathvalley”inParagraph2refertoA.Aplacewherecarsoftenbreakdown.B.Acasewherepassingalawisimpossible.C.Anareawherenodrivingispermitted.D.Asituationwheredriversroleisnotclear.D解析词义猜测题。根据
36、第一段的最后一句可知,交通部长的提议将会明确司机的责任。根据第二段的“.thegreyareabetweensemi-autonomousandfullydriverlesscarsthatcoulddelaythedriverlessfuture.”可知,这个提议旨在处理半自主驾驶与完全自主驾驶之间的不明确的情形,故选D项。-24-AABBCC2.TheproposalputforwardbyDobrindtaimsto.A.stoppeoplefrombreakingtrafficrulesB.helppromotefully
37、automaticdrivingC.protectdriversofallagesandracesD.preventseriouspropertydamageB解析推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Thechangetotheroadtrafficlawwillpermitfullyautomaticdriving.”可知,道路交通法的改变将会使完全无人驾驶汽车获得许可。它将把完全无人驾驶汽车与人类司机置于一个平等的法律基础。因此,他的提议有利于推进完全无人驾驶汽车的进程,故选B项。-25-AABBCC3.Whatdoconsumersthi
38、nkoftheoperationofdriverlesscarsA.Itshouldgettheattentionofinsurancecompanies.B.Itshouldbethemainconcernoflawmakers.C.Itshouldnotcausedeadlytrafficaccidents.D.Itshouldinvolvenohumanresponsibility.D解析推理判断题。根据第七段可知,当提到“完全无人驾驶汽车”时,人们期待的是完全没有司机的汽车,也就是说,人们认为,所谓的完全无人驾驶汽车不
41、themostexhaustingexperienceapersoneverhas.Thereisnothingmoretiringthannotsucceeding.Weexperiencethistirednessintwoways:asstart-upfatigue(疲惫)andperformancefatigue.Intheformercase,wekeepputtingoffataskbecauseitiseithertooboringortoodifficult.Andthelongerwe
42、delayit,themoretiredwefeel.Suchstart-upfatigueisveryreal,evenifnotactuallyphysical,notsomethinginourmusclesandbones.Thesolutionisobviousthoughperhapsnoteasytoapply:alwayshandlethemostdifficultjobfirst.-29-AABBCCYearsago,Iwasaskedtowrite102essaysontheg
43、reatideasofsomefamousauthors.Applyingmyownrule,Ideterminedtowritetheminalphabeticalorder(按字母顺序),neverlettingmyselfleaveoutatoughidea.AndIalwaysstartedthedaysworkwiththedifficulttaskofessay-writing.Experienceprovedthattheruleworks.Performancefatigueismoredif
44、ficulttohandle.Thoughwillingtogetstarted,wecannotseemtodothejobright.Itsdifficultiesappearsogreatthat,howeverhardwework,wefailagainandagain.Insuchasituation,IworkashardasIcanthenlettheunconscioustakeover.WhenplanningEncyclopaediaBritannica(大英百科全书),Ihadtoc
45、reateatableofcontentsbasedonthetopicsofitsarticles.Nothinglikethishadeverbeendonebefore,anddayafterdayIkeptcomingupwithsolutions,butnoneofthemworked.Myfatiguebecamealmostunbearable.-30-AABBCCOneday,mentallyexhausted,Iwrotedownallthereasonswhythisproble
46、mcouldnotbesolved.Itriedtoconvincemyselfthatthetroublewaswiththeproblemitself,notwithme.Relieved,Isatbackinaneasychairandfellasleep.Anhourlater,Iwokeupsuddenlywiththesolutionclearlyinmind.Intheweeksthatfollowed,thesolutionwhichhadcomeupinmyunconsciou
47、smindprovedcorrectateverystep.ThoughIworkedashardasbefore,Ifeltnofatigue.Successwasnowasexcitingasfailurehadbeendepressing.Humanbeings,Ibelieve,musttrytosucceed.Success,then,meansneverfeelingtired.-31-AABBCC【语篇导读】本文为一篇夹叙夹议文。你在完成一件事情时,是否感到过疲劳其实只要我们克服了做事情的两种疲劳启动疲劳和执
49、BCC2.Whatdoestheauthorrecommenddoingtopreventstart-upfatigueA.Writingessaysinstrictorder.B.Buildingupphysicalstrength.C.Leavingoutthetoughestideas.D.Dealingwiththehardesttaskfirst.D解析细节理解题。由第三段最后一句“Thesolutionisobviousthough.:alwayshandlethemostdifficultjobfirst
50、.”可知,作者认为应对启动疲劳的方法是先从最困难的工作开始。故选D项。-34-AABBCC3.OnwhatoccasiondoesapersonprobablysufferfromperformancefatigueA.Beforestartingadifficulttask.B.Whenallthesolutionsfail.C.Ifthejobisratherboring.D.Afterfindingawayout.B解析推理判断题。根据第五段第一句可知本段讲述performancefatigue;由第三句“Itsdiff
51、icultiesappearsogreatthat,howeverhardwework,wefailagainandagain.”可推知,在我们所有的方法都不能解决难题时,人们容易产生执行疲劳。故选B项。-35-AABBCC4.Accordingtotheauthor,theunconsciousmindmayhelpus.A.ignorementalproblemsB.getsomenicesleepC.gaincompletereliefD.findtherightsolutionD解析推理判断题。由倒数第二段第二句中的“
52、thesolutionwhichhadcomeupinmyunconsciousmindprovedcorrectateverystep.”可推知,人们在潜意识下能够想到难题的解决方法。故选D项。-36-AABBCC5.WhatcouldbethebesttitleforthepassageA.SuccessIsBuiltuponFailureB.HowtoHandlePerformanceFatigueC.GettingoverFatigue:AWaytoSuccessD.Fatigue:AnEarlySign
54、helphersetthepathforhergrowthasastudent,leader,andcommunitymember.Hollandhasbeeninvolvedinalargenumberofsportsherwholelife,butheronsetofasthma(哮喘)inmiddleschoolcausedhertoreevaluateherathleticpursuits.Insteadofgivingup,however,shedecidedtofocusonsportst
55、hatrequiredmorestrengththanendurance(忍耐力).-38-AABBCCHollandquicklybegancheerleadingandwakeboarding(尾流跳板运动),andeventhoughshehadtosufferfromseriousinjuries,shebecameaJr.WomensWorldChampioninwakeboardingandmadetheUTCheersquad(小队)inherfreshmanyear.Shewonthe2013
56、CollegiateWomensNationalCableWakeboardingChampionshiptitle.-39-AABBCCWhileHollandscommitmenttoathleticsisstronglyinfluentialinherlife,itishercommitmenttoserviceandthecommunitythatmakesherspecial.Shechallengesherselftoexcelfurtherintheclassroomthanshedoeson
57、thewater,andusesherdrivetohelpothers.Convincedbythepowerofwillandcreativity,Hollandhassoughttomakeadifferenceonhercampus.ShefoundedOrangeOutreachwithinUTsStudentGovernment.OrangeOutreachplansmonthlycommunityserviceeventsforstudentsandstaff,andhostsanonline
59、useofasthma,Holland.A.gaveupherathleticpursuitsB.begantofocusonlimitedsportsC.hadtodropoutofmiddleschoolD.stoppedcheerleadingandwakeboardingB解析细节理解题。由第二段末的“.shedecidedtofocusonsportsthatrequiredmorestrengththanendurance(忍耐力).”及第三段开头的“Hollandquicklybegancheerleadin
60、gandwakeboarding.”可知。-42-AABBCC2.Paragraph3ismainlyabout.A.HollandsschoollifeB.whyHollandlovessportsC.HollandsachievementsinsportsD.howHollandrecoveredfromasthmaC解析段落大意题。第三段主要讲的是Holland在带领啦啦队和海上滑板两项运动中所获得的成就。-43-AABBCC3.OrangeOutreachaimsto.A.encouragepeopletodosport
61、sB.changestudentsclassroombehaviorC.helpUTsStudentGovernmentpostbulletinsD.connectpeoplewithvolunteeringopportunitiesD解析推理判断题。由第四段末的“.plansmonthlycommunityserviceeventsforstudentsandstaff,andhostsanonlineplatformwheregroupswithinAustinwhoneedvolunteerscanpostbulleti