进行考前复习肯定是要清晰知道复习之后能达到什么样的复习效果,如果费了很多的力气,对复习效果提升不是很大的情况,要么是学习方法有问题,要么就是再怎么努力都可能不会达到很好的效果的(比如你怎么练习跳高都不可能跳到10米高,有些事情怎么努力都是没有用的,因为我们必须要接受客观规律的制约),那么怎样才能在复习阅读理解中产生高效的学习效率,从而能从真正的意义上去把握阅读理解的真谛。
先谈几个问题:
1.为什么不同题材的阅读材料,有些人感觉比较容易,有些人感觉阅读起来比较困难?
2.为什么细节题对于考生来说是比较头疼的题目?
3.为什么作者的意图题考生失分是比较多的呢?
4.为什么会出现上述的问题,在传统的复习备考中所说的技巧为什么对我们来说提升阅读是比较有难度的呢?
二.策略
什么才是正确的阅读理解的正确的复习方法呢?(也就是说通过复习或者学习我们解决了什么问题,而在这个过程中我们通过不断的重复、强化我们这种解决问题的能力,这样就很容易做到真正的阅读登堂入室了)
1、阅读完每一自然段时应该对每段的段落大意做一个简单的概括;(通过这个训练可以提高学习者的概括能力、逻辑推理能力)
2、这个自然段哪些材料或者内容是用来说明、解正和证明这一段的观点和态度的;(作者行文的意图,试图用什么材料来说明、解正或证明其观点和态度)
4、本文总共用了多少个材料来证明、说明、解正作者的观点和态度的;(通过这个训练细节观察能力,细节题往往是通过这个来出的)
三.阅读的关键点
关键点一:总结主旨大意
【请你完成以下任务】
第二遍试着按照下面的提出的要求进行阅读:
Doyoueverfeelasthoughyouspendallyourtimeinmeetings
HenryMintberg,inhisbookTheNatureofManagerialWork,foundthatinlargeorganizationsmanagersspent22percentoftheirtimeattheirdesk,6percentonthetelephone,3percentonotheractivities,butawhopping69percentinmeetings.
Thereisawidely-heldbutmistakenbeliefthatmeetingsarefor“solvingproblems”and“makingdecisions.”Forastart,thenumberofpeopleattendingameetingtendstobeinverselyproportionaltotheircollectiveabilitytoreachconclusionsandmakedecisions.Andthesearetheleastimportantelements.
Insteadhoursaredevotedtosideissues,playingelaborategameswithoneanother.Itseems,therefore,thatmeetingsservesomepurposeotherthanjustmakingdecisions.
Allmeetingshaveonethingincommon:role-playing.Themostformalroleisthatofchairman.Hesetstheagenda,andagoodchairmanwillkeepthemeetingrunningontimeandtothepoint.Sadly,theother,informalrole-playersareoftenabletogaintheupperhand.Chiefisthe“constanttalker”,whojustl
ovestohearhisorherownvoice.
Thentherearethe“can’tdo”typeswhowanttomaintainthestatusquo.Sincetheyhaveoftenbeenintheorganizationforalongtime,theyfrequentlyquotehistoricalexperienceasanexcusetoblockchange:“Itwon’twork,wetriedthatlastyearanditwasadisaster.”Amoresubtleversionofthe“can’tdo”type,the“yes,but…”hasemergedrecently.Theyhavelearntabouttheneedtosoundpositive,buttheystillcan’tbeartohavethingschange.
Anotherwholesub-setofcharactersarepeoplewholovemeetingsandwantthemtocontinueuntil5:30pmorbeyond.Irrelevantissuesaretheirspecialty.Theyneedtocallorattendmeetings,eithertoavoidwork,ortojustifytheirlackofperformance,orsimplybecausetheydonothaveenoughtodo.
Thentherearethe“counter-dependents”,thosewhousuallydisagreewitheverythingthatissaid,particularlyifitcomesfromthechairmanorthroughconsensusfromthegroup.Thesepeopleneedtofightauthorityinwhateverform.
Meetingscanalsoprovideattenderswithasenseofidentificationoftheirstatusandpower.Inthisease,managersarrangemeetingsasameansofcommunicatingtootherstheboundariesoftheirexclusiveclub:whois“in”,andwhoisnot.
Becausesomanymeetingsendinconfusionandwithoutadecision,anothergameisplayedattheendofmeetings,calledreachingafalseconsensus.Sinceitisimportantforthechairmantoappearsuccessfulinproblem-solvingandmakingadecision,thegroupreachesafalseconsensus.Everyoneishappy,havings
penttheirtimeproductively.Therealityisthatthedecisionissoambiguousthatitisneveractedupon,or,ifitis,thereiscontinuingconflict,forwhichanothermeetingisnecessary.
Intheend,meetingsprovidetheopportunityforsocialintercourse,toengageinbattleinfrontofourbosses,toavoidunpleasantorunsatisfyingwork,tohighlightoursocialstatusandidentity.Theyare,infact,anecessarythoughnotnecessarilyproductivepsychologicalsideshow.Perhapsitisourcivilizedwaytomoderating,ifnotpreventing,change.
【阅读感悟】
关键点二:寻找段落大意
ThisnecessaryurbandevelopmentofourcitiesmustbecompatiblewiththeconservationoftheCulturalandHistoricalPatrimony.Thisisparticularlytrueinthecaseofthosecities,numerous,intheIberianPeninsulaandEurope,thataretheresultofalonghistoricaltradition,oftenuninterruptedduringalmosttwothousandyears.ThepreservationoftheArchaeologicalPatrimonyinthesecities,however,comesupagainstconflictsdifficulttoresolve,withverydifferingandopposedpositions:thedemandandthepriceoftheground,theharmoniousdevelopmentofthecity,thepresenceofinfrastructuresandservices,theaspirationofthecitizenstoworthyhousing,thebusinessprojectsofthepromotersortheworkingplansoftheconstructors.
ThecommonresourceestablishedtosolvetheseconflictsisUrbanPlanning.Archaeologymusttakepartactivelyintheelaborationofthisplanning,anduseitsabilitiespositiveofviewoftheprotectionoftheArchaeologicalPatrimonywithregardtourbandevelopment.Lamentably,archaeologyfrequentlyignoresthepossibilitiesofthiscourseofactionanddoesnothavetheresourcesnecessarytousetheurbanstandardandtheplanningfiguresasothermethodologicalinstruments(alongsidethosetraditionallyusedinArchaeology)tosolvethearchaeologicalimpactofurbandevelopment.
ThisstudyisillustratedwithexamplesandexperiencesderivedfromGaliciancities,eachofwhichpresentsaparticularproblem:SantiagodeCompostela(amediaevalcity,nowPatrimonyofHumanity),Lugo(builtontheremainsofthemostimportantRomancityofGalicia),andCoronaandVigo(citieswithroman-mediavealantecedentsandrecentdevelopmentwhichtodayhaveaverystrongurbandynamic).However,insteadofcarryingoutamerecasestudybasedonparticularexamples,aneffortismadetoevaluatetheSpanishcontexttohelptocontributetomakingageneraldiagnosisoftheproblemandtodefinethebasicconditionsthatfromtheauthor’spointofviewshouldcomplywiththepreviouslymentionedspecificregulation.
另外一种就是先对其他的观点进行阐述,然后在陈述自己的观点。这种结构中往往会出现一系列转折词,but,yet,while等,这些词之后便是作者的观点。
了解上述方法,基本上就可以掌握如何寻找段落中心句的技巧。下面请考生按照上述方法来做如下的题。
Para1Paintingyourhouseislikeaddingsomethingtoahugecommunalpictureintherestofthepaintingisdoneeitherbynatureofbyotherpeople.Thepictureisnotstatic;itchangesaswemoveabout,withthetimeofday,withtheseasons,withnewpaintingnewbuildingsandwithalterationstooldones,anyindividualhouseisjustafragmentofthispicture,neverthelessithasthepowertomakeormartheoverallscene.
Para2Inthepastpeopleusedtheircreativetalentsinpaintingtheirhomeswithgreatimaginationandinvariedbutalwayssubtlyblendingcolors.ThelastvestigesofthisgreattraditioncanstilleseeninthetownsoftheextremewestofIreland.Ithasneverbeenrecognizedasanartform,partlybecauseofthephysicaldifficultyofhangingastreetinagalleryandpartlybecauseitisalwayschanging,aspaintfadesandisrenewed.Alsoitisacommunalartwhichcannotbeidentifiedwithanyoneperson,exceptinthosemanycaseswheregreatartistsofthepastfoundinspirationinordinarystreetscenesandrecordedtheminpaint.
Para3Followingtheprinciplesofdecorationthatweresosuccessfulinthepast,youshouldfirsttakealonglookatthehouseanditssurroundingsandconsiderpossiblelimitations.ThefirstconcernstheamountofcolorandintensityinthedaylightinBritain.Colorsthatlookperfectlyinkeepingwiththesunny,clearskiesoftheMediterraneanwouldlookwooharshinthegrayerlightofthenorth,.Sincebrightlightisuncomfortablefortheeyes,colorsmustbestronginordertobeseenclearly.Viewedinadimmerlighttheyappeartoobright.Itiseasytoseethisifyoulookatabrickhousewhilethesunisalternatelyshinningandthengoingbehindacloud.Thebrickworkcolorslookmuchmoreintensewhenthesunishidden.
英语细节题得处理,需要技巧,但更需要有善于分析的大脑。
首先,要知道题得考点在原文的哪个位置。
再次,要注意出题者的提问方式。很多时候我们看的很明白,理解的很透彻,但就是做不对题,往往究其原因是忽略了题目的问法。这里,我们有些常用的提问方式,
(1)WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtotheinformationinthepassage(2)Whichofthefollowingismentionedinthepassage(3)Whatistheexampleof...asdescribedinthepassage(4)Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingexcept...(5)Thereasonfor...is...(6)Theauthorstatesthat...(7)Accordingtothepassage,when(where,why,how,who,etc.)...
关键点四:解读作者的观点和态度
Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury“capital”and“labor”wereenlargingandperfectingtheirrivalorganizationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompanywithabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenewagebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatsocommonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationaftertheenergeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivismandmunicipalandstateownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusinessmanagedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametimethegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothetaxpayers.
Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersandimportanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsiblewealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfromtheresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,India,AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholderswerethusenrichedbytheworld'smovementtowardsindustrialization.TownslikeBournemouthandEastboundspranguptohouselarge“comfortable”classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsandoccasionallyattendingashareholders'meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Ontheotherhand“shareholding”meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyofthelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilization.
The“shareholders”assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmenemployedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapitalandlaborwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelationwiththemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeoftheworkmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamilybusinessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmeninvolvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunately,however,theincreasingpowerandorganizationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabledtheworkmentomeetonequaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrikeandlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother'sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffairnegotiation.
认真阅读下文,
WhenAndreaPetersonlandedherfirstteachingjob,shefacedthedauntingtaskofcreatingamusicprogramwithalmostnomoneyforequipmentorsuppliesinaclimatewherestandards-basedlearningwasthefocusandmusicjustprovidedabreakforstudentsandteachers.
Forherdriveandcreativityinovercomingthosechallenges,she’sbeennamednationalteacheroftheyear.
PrincipalWaynesKettlersaidhe’sworkedwithmanyoutstandingteachersinhis22yearsasaneducator,butPetersonis“justthatonestepaboveanybodyI’veeverworkedwithbefore.”
KettlerandothersatMonteCristoElementarySchooltalkaboutthewaysshehasintroducedthelearningfromotherclassroomsintohermusicprogramandhercreativityinworkingaroundthingssuchasthelackofmoneyfornewmusic.
WhenstudentswerereadingS.E.Hinton’snovelTheOutsidersintheirregularclassroom,Petersonhelpedthemwritea30-minuteplaywithscenesfromthebook.ThentheychosethreeBroadwaytunesthatfocusedonrace,equalityandsocialjustice,thethemesofthebook.Petersoncomposedtwoothersongsherselfafterclassroomdiscussionsabouttheplayandthebook.
ThehonormeansalottoresidentsofGraniteFalls.It’sinspiringtoknowthatpeoplefromsmalltownscanevenwinnationalhonors.
Asnationalteacheroftheyear,Petersonwillspendthenextyearoutsidetheclassroom,asanationalandinternationalspokeswomanforeducation.
Notsurprisingly,sheisabigbelieverinthevalueofactseducation.Shesaidit’sessentialforschoolstoofferclassessuchasactormusicandphysicaleducationbecauseforsomekidsoneofthosesubjectsistheonlythingthatmotivatesthemtocomebacktoschooldayafterday.
例题Theunderlinedword“daunting”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans_______.
(A)discouraging
(B)interesting
(C)creative
(D)unbearable
答案:A
评析:由后半句的解释“…withalmostnomoneyforequipmentorsupplies…”可知此项任务不可能是“interesting”或“creative”,而她的教学工作也与“unbearable”无关,故A项正确。所以有时一个陌生的词的意思可以根据它的上下文解释来猜测其词义。
参考译文:当安德里亚.彼得森开始她第一份教师工作后,她面临了一项难题:要以几乎为零的预算或器材,来创办一个音乐课程。更为难的是,当地的教育看重主科的学习,音乐课只能算是给学生老师换换脑子的余兴节目。
她以极大的热忱和独创精神克服了这些困难,因此,她被提名为年度国家教师。
校长韦恩斯·凯勒说,他自从任教以来,在22年中见过无数接触的教师,但彼得森“比任何与我共事过的人都更为杰出”。凯勒和基督山小学其他老师总会谈论她从其他课程引入到音乐课里来的教学方法,以及她在经费不足问题上表现出的创造力。
当学生们在教室里阅读S.E.辛顿的小说《局外人》时,彼得森帮他们写了一个30分钟的小短剧,剧本就改编自书中的内容。接着,他们从百老汇的音乐剧中选出三支反映种族、平等和社会的歌曲,以配合书的主旨。在全班讨论过这些歌曲和小说之后,彼得森自己又创作了两支歌。
这项殊荣对GraniteFalls的居民意义重大。来自小城镇的人也能赢得大荣誉,这令他们骄傲。作为年度国家教师,彼得森在接下来的一年会走出教室,在国内和国际进行教育宣传。她笃信艺术教育的重要性,这一点都不出人意料。她说学校必须提供美术和音乐课程,也要提供体育方面的课程,因为对某些孩子来说,这些课程正是他们日复一日上学的动力。
猜测词义的方法汇总:
在英语中,有很多词可以在前面加前缀(prefix),或在后面加后缀(suffix),从而构成一个词,乍看起来,这个词可能是生词,但掌握了一定的构词法,就不难猜出它的词义。例如:
"Ourpartiesareaimedforchildren2to10,"hesaid,"andthey'reveryinteractiveandcreativeinthattheybuiltasenseofdramabasedonasubject."
猜测文中interactive的词义,它是由前缀inter(相互的)和active(活动的,活跃的)构成的,同时根据上下文的意思可以判断,该词的含义应是“互动的”。
有时短文中出现一个需猜测其意义的词或短语,下面接着出现其定义域或解释,这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。请看下例:
ShanghaiBashiTourismCarRentalCentreoffersawidevarietyofchoices—deluxesedans,minivans,stationwagons,coaches,Santanasedansarethebigfavourite.
如何判断划线部分的意思呢?我们可以从前半句的CarRentalCenter可知出租车公司提供的只能是carsforrent(出租汽车),也就是说划线的词都是出租汽车的名称。
However,thequestionthat"moonpeople"askedisstillaninterestingone.Agrowingnumberofscientistsareseriouslythinkingaboutit.
首先,it指上句中的thequestion,而thequestion又指上一段中“月球人”所提的问题,所以要经过两次查找才能选出答案。
根据上下句的连接词,如but,however,otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别,从而依据某一句的含义,来确定另一句的含义。另外,分号(;)也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。请看下例:Achild'sbirthdaypartydoesn'thavetobeahassle;itcallbeabasketoffun。从上下句可以看出,hassle和abasketoffun肯定是近乎相反的意义,也就是asituationcausingdifficultyortrouble,即‘困扰‘的意思
俗话说,“有因必有果,有果必有因”。根据原因可以预测结果,根据结果也可以找出原因。例如:
Biggestpowerfailureinthecity'shistory...Allofourice—creamandfrozenfoodsmelted.根据因果关系,停电只能导致冰淇淋和冷冻食品“融化”,也就是melted。
(6)根据同位关系进行判断
阅读中有时出现新词、难词,后面就跟着一个同位语,对前面的词进行解释,有时这种解释也用连词“or”连接。例如:
…,andotherGermanicandNordicpeoples,whospokewhatwenowcallAnglo-Saxon(oroldEnglish),aGermaniclanguage.其中oldEnglish,aGermaniclanguage都是解释Anglo—Saxon的。
Earlyintheageofaffluence(富裕)thatfollowedWorldWarII,anAmericanretailinganalystnamedVictorLebowproclaimed,“Ourenormouslyproductiveeconomy...Weneedthingsconsumed,burnedup,wornout,replacedanddiscardedataneverincreasingrate.”
AmericanshaverespondedtoLebow’scall,andmuchoftheworldhasfollowed.
Consumptionhasbecomeacentralpillaroflifeinindustriallandsandisevenembeddedinsocialvalues.Opinionsurveysintheworld’stwolargesteconomies—JapanandtheUnitedStates—showconsumeristdefinitionsofsuccessbecomingeverprevalent.
Overconsumptionbytheworld’sfortunateisanenvironmentalproblemunmatchedinseveritybyanythingbutperhapspopulationgrowth.Theirsurgingexploitationofresourcesthreatenstoexhaustorunalterablyspoilforests,soils,water,airandclimate.
Ironically,highconsumptionmaybeamixedblessinginhumanterms,too.Thetime-honoredvaluesofintegrityofcharacter,goodwork,friendship,familyandcommunityhaveoftenbeensacrificedintherushtoriches.
Thusmanyintheindustriallandshaveasensethattheirworldofplentyissomehowhollow—that,misledbyaconsumeristculture,theyhavebeenfruitlesslyattemptingtosatisfywhatareessentiallysocial,psychologicalandspiritualneedswithmaterialthings.
Ofcourse,theoppositeofover-consumption—poverty—isnosolutiontoeitherenvironmentalorhumanproblems.Itisinfinitelyworseforpeopleandbadforthenaturalworldtoo.Dispossessed(被剥夺得一无所有的)peasantsslash-and-burntheirwayintotherainforestsofLatinAmerica,andhungrynomads(游牧民族)turntheirherdsoutontofragileAfricangrassland,reducingittodesert.
Ifenvironmentaldestructionresultswhenpeoplehaveeithertoolittleortoomuch,wearelefttowonderhowmuchisenough.WhatlevelofconsumptioncantheearthsupportWhendoeshavingmoreceasetoaddnoticeablytohumansatisfaction
参考译文:
二战之后富裕时代来临之初,美国零售业分析家VictorLebow宣称:“我们巨大的生产力经济……要求我们把消费作为自己的生活方式,把购买和使用商品变成例行公事,在消费中寻求精神满足和自我满足。……我们须以更快的速度消耗、烧毁、用坏、取代和丢弃物品。”
美国已在响应Lebow的号召,世界上许多其他地方也纷纷仿效。在工业国家,消费已成为生活的支柱。并深深地印在社会价值观念中。对世界两个经济大国--日本和美国的观念调查显示,成功的消费主义定义更为流行。世界幸运儿的过度消费是个环境问题,其严重性除人口增长外没有其他问题能与之相比。他们对资源掠夺性的使用将用尽或必将破坏森林、土壤、水、空气和气候。
然而,具有讽刺意味的是,高消费给人类带来喜忧参半的恩惠。长期以来受人尊重的价值观念,如诚实的品质、良好的工作、友谊、家庭和社团等往往在财富追求中牺牲了。
于是,工业国家的许多人感觉到他们富足的世界不知何故变空了--由于受到消费中心主义文化的误导,他们试图满足社会的、心理的和精神上的对物质的本质需求,但毫无成果。
当然,过度消费的另一极端--贫穷--并不是解放环境或人类问题的办法。贫穷给人类带来无穷尽的灾难,对自然界也没什么好处。一无所有的农民在拉丁美洲的雨林中刀耕火种,饥饿的游牧民族在贫瘠的进非洲草地上放牧,使之退化成沙漠。
如果过于贫穷或过于富裕都会导致环境破坏,那么,我们想知道多少才恰到好处。地球可在支持什么样的消费水平?什么时候更多的停顿是为了更能满足人类的需求?
例题
is______.
答案:1-5BBDDC
关键点七:避免重词汇轻阅读
全文翻译:
大部分生长的植物,其水的含量超过其他所有物质的含量总和。CR巴恩斯认为,把植物叫做水结构就如同把主要用砖盖成的房子叫做砖建筑一样恰当。当然,植物生长的一切必要过程都发生于水中。来自于土壤的矿物质在被植物根茎吸收之前,必须先溶解于水。它们在溶解状态被输送到植物的全身并构成基本的植物材料。空气中的二氧化碳能以气体的形式进入叶子,但在和一部分水结合生成单糖(构成植物体最基本的材料)之前也必须先溶于水。植物生长活跃部分的含水量一般高达75-90%。植物的结构部分(如生长不活跃的木质茎)的含水量可能大大少于生长活跃的组织。
但是,植物任何时候的实际含水量都只是其生长期间通过它全身水量的很小一部分。借助叶绿素和光能量发生光合作用(二氧化碳和水结合)以形成单糖的过程要求二氧化碳从空气中进入植物。这一过程主要发生在叶子上。叶子表面并非固体,而是有大量的小口。二氧化碳通过这些小口进入植物。这些允许二氧化碳进入叶子的小口却让另一种气体——水蒸气散失。由于二氧化碳在空气中的含量非常少(3-4‰),且叶子内部空气空间的水蒸气含量接近饱和状态(80oF时,饱和状态下的每10000份空气中含186份水汽),所以,植物失去的水蒸气的量是吸收的二氧化碳量的许多倍。实际上,因为风和其他因素的影响,损失掉的水和吸入二氧化碳的比甚至可能大于这两种气体的相对浓度。另外,并非所有进入叶子的二氧化碳都可以被合成碳水化合物。
41.Agrowingplantneedswaterforallofthefollowingexcept__.
42.Theessentialfunctionofphotosynthesisintermsofplantneedsis__.
43.Thesecondparagraphusesfactstodeveloptheessentialideathat__.
44.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE
45.Thispassageismainlyabout__.
命题方式中含有“mainidea,subject,purpose”等词。
题干中出现下列词之一:besttitle,mainidea,mainproblem,mainlyabout,mainlydiscuss,mainlydealwith或问本文的写作目的的词(purpose,theauthorintendsto…)。
(1)Thepassageismainlyabout。
(2)Whichofthefollowingbestreflectsthemainideaofthepassage
(3)Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe。
(4)Whatisthemainideaofthepassage
(4)运用快速构思成文法进行判断。在两个选项难以分辨时可以分别以它们为题,在脑海中快速构思两个写作提纲,若所构思提纲与原文内容大致吻合者为正确答案,否则为干扰选项。
关键点八:避免重结果轻过程
Whenaninventionismade,theinventorhasthreepossiblecoursesofactionopentohim:hecangivetheinventiontotheworldbypublishingit,keeptheideasecret,orpatentit.
Agrantedpatentistheresultofabargainstruckbetweenaninventorandthestate,bywhichtheinventorgetsalimitedperiodofmonopoly(垄断)andpublishesfulldetailsofhisinventiontothepublicafterthatperiodterminates.Onlyinthemostexceptionalcircumstancesisthelifespanofapatentextendedtoalterthisnormalprocessofevents.
ThelongestextensionevergrantedwastoGeorgesValensi;his1939patentforcolorTVreceivercircuitrywasextendeduntil1971becauseformostofthepatent'snormallifetherewasnocolourTVtoreceiveandthusnohopeofrewardfortheinvention.
Becauseapatentremainspermanentlypublicafterithasterminated,theshelvesofthelibraryattachedtothepatentofficecontaindetailsofliterallymillionsofideasthatarefreeforanyonetouseand,ifolderthanhalfacentury,sometimesevenre-patent.Indeed,patentexpertsoftenadviseanyonewishingtoavoidthehighcostofconductingasearchthroughlivepatentsthattheonesurewayofavoidingviolationofanyotherinventor'srightistoplagiarizeadeadpatent.Likewise,becausepublicationofanideainanyotherformpermanentlyinvalidatesfurtherpatentsonthatidea,itistraditionallysafetotakeideasfromotherareasofprint.Muchmoderntechnologicaladvanceisbasedonthesepresumptionsoflegalsecurity.
Anyonecloselyinvolvedinpatentsandinventionssoonlearnsthatmost"new"ideasare,infact,asoldasthehills.Itistheirreductiontocommercialpractice,eitherthroughnecessityordedication,orthroughtheavailabilityofnewtechnology,thatmakesnewsandmoney.Thebasicpatentforthetheoryofmagneticrecordingdatesbackto1886.Manyoftheoriginalideasbehindtelevisionoriginatefromthelate19thandearly20thcentury.EventheVolkswagenrearenginecarwasanticipatedbya1904patentforacartwiththehorseattherear.
全文精译:
当发明者做出一项发明时,他可能有三种选择:他可以通过出版把发明公布于世,也可以秘而不宜,或为这项发明申请专利。
被批准者的专利是发明者和国家讨价还价后形成的契约。根据契约,发明者对自己的发明享受一定时期的垄断权,垄断期结束后,他要把发明的整个细节公布于众。只有在极为特殊的情况下,专利保护期才可能被延长,改变专利申请保护的正常程序。
乔治·瓦伦西得到最长的专利保护延长期。他1939年的彩电接收机电路的专利一直延续到1971年,因为在这项专利保护期内没有彩电信号可以接收,因此该发明没有获利的希望。
因为专利保护器结束以后,该专利就永久公开,因此,专利局所属的图书馆的架子上数百万个专利,任何人都可免费使用这些专利。如果某个专利超过50年,有时甚至可以重新取得专利。实际上,专利专家们经常提出这样的建议:如果希望避免支付查询有效专利高额费用,避免侵犯他发明人专利权,最有效方法就是剽窃一个已经过期专利。同样,因为用任何其他形式发表的观点会使该观点用来申请专利,所以传统上,从使用其他印刷材料商观点是安全的。许多现代技术的发展都是以这些法律保障的为前提。
密切参与专利及发明工作的人很快就会得知,多数新的观点事实上已相当陈旧。只有把握需求,专心执着,跟上新技术的步伐,专利才能变成商业行为,做到名利双收。磁记录理论最初专利要追溯到1886年。电视工作原理的许多原创思路都始于19世纪后期和20世纪初。甚至1904年一项吗在车后的马车专利就已经预见到了德国“大众”轿车后置发动机的出现。
[A]anapproachtopatents
[B]theapplicationforpatents
[C]theuseofpatents
[D]theaccesstopatents
[A]Whenapatentbecomesoutofeffect,itcanbere-patentedorextendedifnecessary.
[B]Itisnecessaryforaninventortoapplyforapatentbeforehemakeshisinventionpublic.
[C]Apatentholdermustpublicizethedetailsofhisinventionwhenitslegalperiodisover.
[D]Onecangetallthedetailsofapatentedinventionfromalibraryattachedtothepatentoffice.
[A]nobodywouldofferanyrewardforhispatentpriortothattime
[B]hispatentcouldnotbeputtouseforanunusuallylongtime
[C]therewerenotenoughTVstationstoprovidecolourprogrammers
[D]thecolourTVreceiverwasnotavailableuntilthattime
[A]stealanduse
[B]giverewardto
[C]makepublic
[D]takeandchange
[A]aninventionwillnotbenefittheinventorunlessitisreducedtocommercialpractice
[B]productsareactuallyinventionswhichweremadealongtimeago
[C]itismuchcheapertobuyanoldpatentthananewone
[D]patentexpertsoftenrecommendpatentstoothersbyconductingasearchthroughdeadpatents
考生在复习时,不要一直用做对了多少题目来衡量自己的复习成果,要注重在这个阅读理解的过程中你运用了哪些做题技巧,这些技巧对你的阅读产生了哪些帮助,以及对做错或做对题目的一个认真分析,总结经验。
[答案]D
[解题思路]
[题目译文]
这篇的主要内容是
[A]关于取得专利的方法
[B]关于专利的申请
[C]关于专利的使用
[D]关于专利的获取
[B].Itisnecessaryforaninventortoapplyforapatentbeforehemakeshisinventionpublic.
[答案]C
[A]当一项专利过期之后,在必要时可以重新授予其专利权或延长专利期
[B]发明者在公布他的发明之前申请专利是非常必要的
[C]专利拥有者再合法时期之后必须公布其发明的细节
[D]人们可以从专利局的图书馆中得到关于一项专利发明的所有细节
[答案]B
乔治?瓦伦西的专利一直持续到1971年,因为
[B]他的专利在一段相当长的时期内不能用于实际用途
[C]没有很多电视台能够提供彩色节目
[D]那个时候还没有彩色电视机
关键点九:避免重原文内容轻背景知识
Emergingfromthe1980censusisthepictureofanationdevelopingmoreandmoreregionalcompetition,aspopulationgrowthintheNortheastandMidwestreachesanearstandstill.
Thisdevelopment-anditsstrongimplicationsforUSpoliticsandeconomyinyearsahead-hasenthronedtheSouthasAmerica'smostdenselypopulatedregionforthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthenation'sheadcounting.
Altogether,theUSpopulationroseinthe1970sby23.2millionpeople-numericallythethirdlargestgrowtheverrecordedinasingledecade.Evenso,thatgainaddsuptoonly11.4percent,lowestinAmericanannualrecordsexceptfortheDepressionyears.
AmericanshavebeenmigratingsouthandwestinlargernumbersinceWorldWarII,andthepatternstillprevails.
Threesunbeltstates-Florida,TexasandCalifornia-togetherhadnearly10millionmorepeoplein1980thanadecadeearlier.Amonglargecities,SanDiegomovedfrom14thto8thandSanAntoniofrom15thto10th-withClevelandandWashington.DC,droppingoutofthetop10.
Notallthatshiftcanbeattributedtothemovementoutofthesnowbelt,censusofficialssay,Nonstopwavesofimmigrantsplayedarole,too-andsodidbiggercropsofbabiesasyesterday's“babyboom”generationreacheditschildbearingyears.
Moreover,demographersseethecontinuingshiftsouthandwestasjoinedbyarelatedbutnewerphenomenon:Moreandmore,Americansapparentlyarelookingnotjustforplaceswithmorejobsbutwithfewerpeople,too.Someinstances-
Regionally,theRockyMountainstatesreportedthemostrapidgrowthrate-37.1percentsince1970inavastareawithonly5percentoftheUSpopulation.
Amongstates,NevadaandArizonagrewfastestofall:63.5and53.1percentrespectively.ExceptforFloridaandTexas,thetop10inrateofgrowthiscomposedofWesternstateswith7.5millionpeople-about9persquaremile.
Theflightfromovercrowdednessaffectsthemigrationfromsnowbelttomorebearableclimates.
Nowheredo1980censusstatisticsdramatizemoretheAmericansearchforspaciouslivingthanintheFarWest.There,Californiaadded3.7milliontoitspopulationinthe1970s,morethananyotherstate.
Inthatdecade,however,largenumbersalsomigratedfromCalifornia,mostlytootherpartsoftheWest.Oftentheychose-andstillarechoosing-somewhatcolderclimatessuchasOregon,IdahoandAlaskainordertoescapesmog,crimeandotherplaguesofurbanizationintheGoldenState.
Asaresult,California'sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percent-littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960sgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.
1980年美国人口普查显示出这样一幅图像:随着东北部和中西部人口增长近乎停止,地区间的竞争越来越激烈了。
这一发展——以及它对今后几年美国政治和经济的强大影响——使南部在美国人口普查史上第一次成为人口最密集的地区。
20世纪70年代,美国人口总共增长了2320万——从数字上看,这是有纪录以来10年期人口增长的第三高峰。即使如此,人口总数也只增加了11.4%,除了大萧条时期,这是美国年度记录最低的增长率。
第二次世界大战以来,美国人大量向南部和西部迁移,而且这种趋势如今仍很盛行。
佛罗里达、得克萨斯和加利福尼亚这三个阳光充沛的地区,1980年的人口比前10年增加了近1000万。在大城市排行榜上,圣地亚哥从第14位上升到第8位,圣安东尼奥从第15位升到第10位,而克利夫兰和华盛顿特区却被挤出了前10位。
普查官员说,并非所有这些人口迁移都是为了离开寒冷地带。不断涌入的移民潮,还有以前“生育高峰”出生的那些孩子也已到了生育年龄,这些都发挥着作用。
从区域上看,洛基山脉各州上报了自1970年以来最高的人口增长率——37.1%,而以前这片广阔的土地上的人口仅占美国总人口的5%。
从各州情况看,内华达和亚利桑那是增长最快的两个州:其增长率分别为63.5%和53.1%。除了佛罗里达州和得克萨斯州外,处于人口增长率前10位的都是西部各州,共有750万人——每平方英里约9个人。
离开人口过度稠密区的做法影响了以前那种离开寒冷地带去气候宜人之地的趋势。
没有哪次调查比1980年美国人口普查更能突出显示美国人迁往最西部是为了找到更广阔的生存空间。正因为如此,加利福尼亚州在70年代人口增加了370万,比其他任何州都多。
70年代也有大量的人离开加利福尼亚,大多数去了西部其他的地方。他们常常选择——现在依然这样选择——一些气候较冷的地区,如俄勒冈、爱达荷和阿拉斯加,为的是躲开“金州”加利福尼亚)的烟雾、犯罪和其他城市化进程中的问题。
结果,加利福尼亚的人口增长率在70年代降到了18.5%——略高于60年代增长率的2/3,但大大低于西部其他各州。
A)enjoyedthelowestnetgrowthofpopulationinhistory
B)witnessedasouthwesternshiftofpopulation
C)underwentanunparalleledperiodofpopulationgrowth
D)broughttoastandstillitspatternofmigrationsinceWorldWarII
2.Thecensusdistinguisheditselffrompreviousstudiesonpopulationmovementinthat_____.
A)itstressestheclimaticinfluenceonpopulationdistribution
B)ithighlightsthecontributionofcontinuouswavesofimmigrants
C)itrevealstheAmericans'newpursuitofspaciousliving
D)itelaboratesthedelayedeffectsofyesterday's“babyboom”
3.Wecanseefromtheavailablestatisticsthat_____.
A)CaliforniawasoncethemostthinlypopulatedareainthewholeUS
B)thetop10statesingrowthrateofpopulationwerealllocatedintheWest
C)citieswithbetterclimatesbenefitedunanimouslyfrommigration
D)Arizonarankedsecondofallstatesinitsgrowthrateofpopulation
4.Theword“demographers”(Line1,Paragraph8)mostprobablymeans_____.
A)peopleinfavorofthetrendofdemocracy
B)advocatesofmigrationbetweenstates
C)scientistsengagedinthestudyofpopulation
D)conservativesclingingtooldpatternsoflife
参考答案:BCDC
1776年美国独立时,只据有大西洋沿岸地区,面积约40万平方英里。但它作为英国的殖民地,一开始就建立在资本主义的基础上,已有175年的发展史,而它的西部,是6.5倍于当时美国本土的“处女地”,美国独立后开始实行西部大开发,组织人口向西迁移,而加利福尼亚州靠海,环境优美又属地中海气候,冬季温和多雨适合人类居住,自然受到人们欢迎。二战后,美国的政治和经济都有很大影响,人口向西南迁移日趋增长。而70年后,随着移民的增多,人口不断增长,人们的就业率下降,犯罪率上升,这些原因不断威胁到人们的身心健康,于是大量的人离开加州去往西部其他地区。