1.确定指代关系。最常见的提问方式是：Theunderlinedword“they/it/…”inparagraph…refersto……
2.对句子意义或作用的理解。最常见的提问方式是：Thesentence“……”inparagraph…means….;Theexampleof……inpara….isusedtoillustrate/show…….
3.对段落大意或段落作用的理解。最常见的提问方式是：Thelastparagraphmainlytellusthat……;ThepurposeofwritingParagraph…is….….
图1表明：①(Paragraph1)是主题段(提出论题或论点)，②、③段是就同一论据或者问题的同一方面作论述，④用另一论据材料或者从问题的另一方面论述，⑤段是结论段或者是用来重述论题、强调论点的段落。同样我们很容易理解图2、3、4所示的段落结构的意义。
下面具体看看05年江苏卷E篇：
Thetwentiethcenturysawgreaterchangesthananycenturybeforechangesforthebetter,changesfortheworse,changesthatbroughtalotofbenefitstohumanbeings,changesthatputmanindanger.Manythingscausedthechanges,but,inmyopinion,themostimportantwastheprogressinscience.
Scientificresearchinphysicsandbiologyhasvastlybroadenedourviews.Ithasgivenusadeeperknowledgeofthestructureofmatterandoftheuniverse,ithasbroughtusabetterunderstandingofthenatureoflifeandofitscontinuousdevelopment.Technologyintheapplicationofsciencehasmadebigadvancesthathavebenefitedusinnearlyeverypartoflife.
Thecontinuationofsuchactivitiesinthetwenty-firstcenturywillresultinevengreateradvantagestohumanbeings:inpurescience—awideranddeeperknowledgeinallfieldsoflearning;inappliedscience—amorereasonablesharingofmaterialbenefits,andbetterprotectionoftheenvironment.
Sadly,however,thereisanothersidetothepicture.Thecreativityofsciencehasbeenemployedindoingdamagetomankind.Theapplicationofscienceandtechnologytothedevelopmentandproductionofweaponsofmassdestructionhascreatedarealdangertothecontinuedexistenceofthehumanraceonthisplanet.Wehaveseenthishappeninthecaseofnuclearweapons,AlthoughtheiractualusehassofaroccurredonlyintheSecondWorldWar,thenumberofnuclearweaponsthatwereproducedandmadereadyforusewassolargethatiftheweaponshadactuallybeenused,theresultcouldhavebeentheruinofthehumanrace,aswellasofmanykindsofanimals.
WilliamShakespearesaid.“Thewebofourlifeisofamingledyarn(纱线),goodandilltogether.“Theabovebriefreviewoftheapplicationofonlyonepartofhumanactivities—scienceseemstoprovewhatShakespearesaid.ButdoesithavetobesoMusttheillalwaysgotogetherwiththegoodArewebiologicallyprogrammedforwar
72.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage
一、Putforwardaquestion→Analyzethequestion→Solvethequestion这就是“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”的过程;二、Argument/idea→Evidence→conclusion/restatingtheidea
这就是“由论点到论据到结论或者强调论点”的过程。
例1：
Ireceivealotofemailseverytimeacolumnispublishedin21stCentury.ThemajorityofquestionsIgetarelikethis:“MyEnglishisstillverypoor,couldyoupleasegivemesomeadvice”Sincethiskindofquestionissobigandsovague,anyanswerswillbetoobroadortoogeneral.Infact,askingquestionsisanartthatneedstrainingandpracticeinitself.AndIwouldliketoofferthefollowingtips:
Alwayscontextualizeyourquestion.Ifyoureallywanttoaskforadviceonsomething,youneedtoprovideabriefdescriptionofhowyoucameupwiththequestionandhowyoucanbenefitfromaskingit.Forinstance,ifyouneedtoimproveyourEnglish,youneedtostatetheskillareayouareinthegreatestneedofimproving,andwhatdifficultiesyouencounterthatcauseyousomanyproblems
Thesecondpieceofadviceisthatyourquestionshouldbefocusedandspecific.BythatImeanthatyoumighthavealotofquestions,butchoosetheonethatismostimportantandatthesametimetheleastcomplicated.
Third,youcanpractiseaskingonequestioninmultipleways.Forinstance,ifyouareinterestedinknowinghowyoucanboostyourconfidenceinspeaking,youmightconsiderasking:“IoftenfeelnervousbeforeIaskaquestion,howcanIovercomemyanxiety”“Couldyousharewithmeyourexperienceofspeakinginfrontofothers”
Ofcourse,thebestwaytoaskgoodquestionsisthroughthepracticeofquestioning.Ihighlyencourageyoutoseekopportunitiestoaskquestions.Ittakestimetobeareallygoodquestioner.
Howisthetextorganized
A.Topic---argument----description
B.Opinion—discussion---explanation
C.Mainidea---comparison---supportingexamples
D.Topic----argument----conclusion
例2：
(05浙江卷C篇)
Inthecourseofworkingmywaythroughschool,ItookmanyjobsIwouldratherforget.Butnoneofthesejobswasasdreadfulasmyjobinanappleplant.Theworkwashard;thepaywaspoor;and,mostofall,theworkingconditionswereterrible.
Firstofall,thejobmadehugedemandsonmystrength.Fortenhoursanight,Itookboxesthatrolleddownametaltrackandpiledthemontoatruck.Eachboxcontainedtwelveheavybottlesofapplejuice.IoncefiguredoutthatIwasliftinganaverageoftwelvetonsofapplejuiceeverynight.
Iwouldnothavemindedthedifficultyoftheworksomuchifthepayhadnotbeensopoor.Iwaspaidthelowestwageofthattime—twodollarsanhour.Becauseofthelowpay,Ifelteagertogetasmuchaspossible.Iusuallyworkedtwelvehoursanightbutdidnottakehomemuchmorethan$100aweek.
Butevenmorethanthelowpay,whatmademeunhappywastheworkingconditions.DuringworkIwaslimitedtotwoten-minutebreaksandanunpaidhalfhourforlunch.Mostofmytimewasspentoutsideloadingtruckswiththoseheavyboxesinnear-zero-degreetemperatures.Thesteelfloorsofthetruckswerelikeice,whichmademyfeetfeellikestone.Andaftertheproductionlineshutdownatnightandmostpeopleleft,Ihadtospendtwohoursalonecleaningthefloor.
Istayedonthejobforfivemonths,allthewhilehatingthedifficultyofthework,thepoormoney,andtheconditionsunderwhichIworked.BythetimeIleft,Iwasdeterminednevertogobackthereagain.
52.Howisthetextorganized
A.Topic—Argument—Explanation
B.Opinion—Discussion—Description
C.Mainidea—Comparison—Supportingexamples
D.Introduction—Supportingexamples—Conclusion
Sometwentyyearsago,theperformanceofgirlsandboysinclasswascompared.71Now,thesituationisreversed(颠倒)withgirlsconsistentlydoingbetterthanboys.
72JohnDunsford,leaderoftheassociationofheadteachersofsecondaryschools,saysthattheacademicfailureofboysisaproblemwhichhaditsrootsinsocietyratherthantheclassroom.Girls,morethanboys,seeeducationasapassporttoagoodjob.Ontheotherhand,accordingtoPennyLewis,aheadteacher,youngmenlackconfidence,whichtheyhidewithashowofbravado(逞能).They’reuncertainabouttheirplaceinsociety.73
Moreover,boysmaylearninadifferentwayfromgirls,preferringsmallamountsofworkwithimmediateheadlinesratherthanlargeprojectsstretching(延续)intothedistance.Andeducationisnotseenas“cool”.74
ThisisnotjustaprobleminBritain.InastudybytheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopmentandUNESCO,girlsdidbetterthanboysatreadingattheageof15inall45countries.TheUKranksninthoutofthe45countriesforreadingdespitethefactthatpupilsintheUKspendlesstimereadingthaninmostothercountries.75
A.So,whathasgonewrongwiththeboys,andwhatcanbedoneaboutit
B.Interestingly,thestudysuggestedthatBritishchildrenreadforpleasuremoreoftenthanthoseinothercountries.
C.Boysscoredbetterinexams,sovariousmeasureswereintroducedtoimprovetheperformanceofgirls,includinghavingsinglesexgirl-onlyclasses.
D.Thisstudycanofferagreathelptoteachersandschoolleadersintermsofpropereducationtodifferentpeople.
E.Someboysgrowupinfamilieswherethereisnomalerolemodeltofollow.
第一段提出问题，71空后面说“现在情况颠倒过来了：女生比男生好了”，看了这句话，我们肯定能判断前一句话的大意应该是：先前的情况是男生比女生表现好。那就从选项中去看哪个句子表达的是这个意思。快速浏览A-F选项，我们得到答案C。
第二段分析原因。段首的空格72，应该是一个承上启下的过渡句。浏览选项，我们迅速得到答案A。段尾的73空应该是一个细节句，对前一句具体说明，能够具体说明They’reuncertainabouttheirplaceinsociety一句的只有选项E。
第三段进一步分析原因。74空应该是个细节句，详细阐明男生比女生表现差的原因。这里我们不难找到答案F。
第四段说明这种现象的普遍存在。段尾的75空是一个接续前句的细节句。浏览剩余的选项，我们很肯定地找到答案B。
【实战演练练习十三】(05江西卷E篇)
Doyouhaveanystrongopiniononco-educationalorsingle-sexschools
Asupporterofco-educationalschoolswouldprobablysaythatschoolsshouldbelikethesocietiestheybelongto.InHongKong,menandwomenmixsociallyonaday-to-daybasis.Inmanyfieldsmenareevenlikelytohavefemalebosses.Itis,therefore,desirablethatboysandgirlsgrowuptogether,gotoschooltogether,andpreparethemselvesforasocietythatdoesnotvaluesexualseparation.
Somewouldgoontoarguefurtherthatgrowingupwithmembersoftheoppositesexisimportantforpersonaldevelopment.Regularcontact(接触)canremovethestrangeideasabouttheopposite-sexandleadtomorenaturalrelationships.Single-sexconditionsareseenasleadingtomoreextremeopinions,andpossiblyevenasencouraginghomosexuality(同性恋),thoughthereisnoproofthatthisisthecase.
Thosewhoareagainstcoeducationoftenalsofixtheirattentiononthesexualside.Someparentsfearthatclosecontactwithmembersoftheoppositesexisdangerousforteenagers.Theywanttheirchildrentobeattentivetotheirstudies.Suchparentsfeeluncomfortablewithmodernwaysandthefreemixingofthesexes.
Astrongerargumentcomesfromresearchintoschoolresults.Girlsgrowupearlierthan
boys,tendtobemoreorderlyandarelikelytobebetteratlanguages.Inamixedclass,boyswhomightdowellinasingle-sexclassbecomediscouragedandtakeontheruleoftroublemaker.CertainlyintheUKthissituationhasgreatlyalarmed(惊动)thegovernmentforittobeencouragingco-educationalschoolstohavesomesingle-sexclasses.IntheUKthebestschoolsareallsingle-sex,stronglysuggestingthatco-educationisnotthebestanswer.Thismay,however,notbeassimpleasitlooks.Itmaysimplybethatthefamousoldschoolsthatattractthebeststudentshappentobesingle-sex,ratherthanthatbeingsingle-sexmakesthembetterschools.
72.Inthethirdparagraph,bysaying“thoughthereisnoproofthatthisisthecase”,thewritermeansthat.
A.studentsinsingle-sexschoolswillcertainlybecomehomosexual
B.studentsinco-educationalschoolscannothaveextremeopinions
C.studentsinco-educationalschoolsarelikelytobehomosexual
D.single-sexschoolconditionsmayormaynothaveeffectsonthestudents
【实战演练练习十四】(04重庆卷D篇)
HaveyoueverhadthestrangefeelingthatyouwerebeingwatchedYouturnedaroundand,sureenough,someonewaslookingrightatyou!
Parapsychologists(灵学家)saythathumanshaveanaturalabilitytosensewhensomeoneislookingatthem.Toresearchwhethersucha“sixthsense”reallyexists,RobertBaker,apsychologist(心理学家)attheUniversityofKentucky,performedtwoexperiments.
Inthefirstone,Bakersatbehindunknowingpeopleinpublicplacesandstaredatthebacksoftheirheadsfor5to15minutes.Thesubjects(受试者)wereeating,drinking,reading，studying,watchingTV,orworkingatacomputer.Bakermadesurethatthepeoplecouldnottellthathewassittingbehindthemduringthoseperiods.Later,whenhequestionedthesubjects,almostallofthemsaidtheyhadnosensethatsomeonewasstaringatthem.
Forthesecondexperiment,Bakertoldthesubjectsthattheywouldbestaredatfromtimetotimefrombehindatwowaymirrorinalaboratorysetting.Thepeoplehadtowritedownwhentheyfelttheywerebeingstaredatandwhentheyweren’t.Bakerfoundthatthesubjectswerenobetterattellingwhentheywerestaredatandwhentheyweren’t.Bakerfoundthatthesubjectswerenobetterattellingwhentheywerestaredatthaniftheyhadjustguessed.
Bakerconcludesthatpeopledonothavetheabilitytosensewhenthey’rebeingstaredat.Ifpeopledoubttheoutcomeofhistwoexperiments,saidBaker,“Isuggesttheyrepeattheexperimentsandseeforthemselves.”
68.Thepurposeofthetwoexperimentsisto.
A.explainwhenpeoplecanhaveasixthsense
B.showhowpeopleactwhilebeingwatchedinthelab
C.studywhetherhumanscansensewhentheyarestaredat
D.provewhyhumanshaveasixthsense
【实战演练练习十五】
Sheiswidelyseenasproofthatgoodlookscanlastforever.But,atnearly500yearsofage,timeiscatchingupwiththeMonaLisa.
71
“Thethin,woodenpanelonwhichtheMonaLisaispaintedinoilhaschangedshapesinceexpertscheckedittwoyearsage,”themuseumsaid.72.
73“Itisveryinterestingthatwhenyou’renotlookingather,sheseemstobesmiling,andthenyoulookatherandshestops,”saidProfessorMargaretLivingstoneofHarvardUniversity,“It’sbecausedirectvisionisexcellentatpickingupdetail,butlesssuitedtolookingatshadows.DaVincipaintedthesmileinshadows.”
74DaVincihimselfloveditsomuchthathealwayscarrieditwithhim,untilitwaseventuallysoldtoFrance’sKingFrancisIin1519.
In1911,thepaintingwasstolenfromtheLouvrebyaformeremployee,whotookitoutofthemuseumhiddenunderhiscoat.HesaidheplannedtoreturnittoItaly.ThepaintingwassentbacktoFrancetwoyearslater.
75
A.Nearly6millionpeoplegotoseetheMonaLisaeveryyear,manyattractedbythemysteryofhersmile.
B.However,theactualhistoryoftheMonaLisaisjustasmysteriousasthesmile.
C.Visitorshavenoticethechangesbutrepairingtheworld’smostfamouspaintingisnoteasy.ExpertsarenotsureaboutthematerialstheItalianartistusedandtheircurrentchemicalstate.
D.Thehealthofthefamouspicture,paintedbyLeonardoDaVinciin1905,isgettingworsebytheyear,accordingtotheLouvreMuseumwhereitishoused.
E.Thepictureisnowsovaluablethatnoonecantellitsexactprice.Therefore,manythievestriedtostealitinanywaytheycouldthinkof.
F.DuringWorldWarII,FrenchdidthepaintinginsmalltownstokeepitoutofthehandsofGermanforces.Likemanyoldladies,theMonaLisahassomeinterestingstoriestotell.