剑桥雅思8第四套试题,阅读部分Passage1,阅读真题原文部分:READINGPASSAGE1
Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1-13,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1onthefollowingpages.
LANDOFTHERISINGSUM
AJapanhasasignificantlybetterrecordintermsofaveragemathematicalattainmentthanEnglandandWales.Largesampleinternationalcomparisonsofpupils'attainmentssincethe1960shaveestablishedthatnotonlydidJapanesepupilsatage13havebetterscoresofaverageattainment,buttherewasalsoalargerproportionof'low'attainersinEngland,where,incidentally,thevariationinattainmentscoreswasmuchgreater.ThepercentageofGrossNationalProductspentoneducationisreasonablysimilarinthetwocountries,sohowisthishigherandmoreconsistentattainmentinmathsachieved
BLowersecondaryschoolsinJapancoverthreeschoolyears,fromtheseventhgrade(age13)totheninthgrade(age15).Virtuallyallpupilsatthisstageattendstateschools:only3percentareintheprivatesector.Schoolsareusuallymodernindesign,setwellbackfromtheroadandspaciousinside.Classroomsarelargeandpupilssitatsingledesksinrows.Lessonslastforastandardised50minutesandarealwaysfollowedbya10-minutebreak,whichgivesthepupilsachancetoletoffsteam.Teachersbeginwithaformaladdressandmutualbowing,andthenconcentrateonwhole-classteaching.
Classesarelarge-usuallyabout40-andareunstreamed.Pupilsstayinthesameclassforalllessonsthroughouttheschoolanddevelopconsiderableclassidentityandloyalty.Pupilsattendtheschoolintheirownneighbourhood,whichintheoryremovesrankingbyschool.InpracticeinTokyo,becauseoftherelativeconcentrationofschools,thereissomecompetitiontogetintothe'better'schoolinaparticulararea.
CTraditionalwaysofteachingformthebasisofthelessonandtheremarkablyquietclassestaketheirownnotesofthepointsmadeandtheexamplesdemonstrated.Everyonehastheirowncopyofthetextbooksuppliedbythecentraleducationauthority,Monbusho,aspartoftheconceptoffreecompulsoryeducationuptotheageof15.Thesetextbooksare,onthewhole,small,presumablyinexpensivetoproduce,butwellsetoutandlogicallydeveloped.(Oneteacherwasparticularlykeentointroducecolourandpicturesintomathstextbooks:hefeltthiswouldmakethemmoreaccessibletopupilsbroughtupinacartoonculture.)Besidesapprovingtextbooks,Monbushoalsodecidesthehighlycentralisednationalcurriculumandhowitistobedelivered.
DLessonsallfollowthesamepattern.Atthebeginning,thepupilsputsolutionstothehomeworkontheboard,thentheteacherscomment,correctorelaborateasnecessary.Pupilsmarktheirownhomework:thisisanimportantprincipleinJapaneseschoolingasitenablespupilstoseewhereandwhytheymadeamistake,sothatthesecanbeavoidedinfuture.Noonemindsmistakesorignoranceaslongasyouarepreparedtolearnfromthem.Afterthehomeworkhasbeendiscussed,theteacherexplainsthetopicofthelesson,slowlyandwithalotofrepetitionandelaboration.Examplesaredemonstratedontheboard;questionsfromthetextbookareworkedthroughfirstwiththeclass,andthentheclassissetquestionsfromthetextbooktodoindividually.Onlyrarelyaresupplementaryworksheetsdistributedinamathsclass.Theimpressionisthatthelogicalnatureofthetextbooksandtheircomprehensivecoverageofdifferenttypesofexamples,combinedwiththerelativehomogeneityoftheclass,rendersworksheetsunnecessary.Atthispoint,theteacherwouldcirculateandmakesurethatallthepupilswerecopingwell.
EItisremarkablethatlarge,mixed-abilityclassescouldbekepttogetherformathsthroughoutalltheircompulsoryschoolingfrom6to15.Teacherssaythattheygiveindividualhelpattheendofalessonorafterschool,settingextraworkifnecessary.Inobservedlessons,anystrugglerswouldbeassistedbytheteacherorquietlyseekhelpfromtheirneighbour.Carefullyfosteredclassidentitymakespupilskeentohelpeachother-anyway,itisintheirinterestssincetheclassprogressestogether.
Thisscarcelyseemsadequatehelptoenableslowlearnerstokeepup.However,theJapaneseattitudetowardseducationrunsalongthelinesof'ifyouworkhardenough,youcandoalmostanything'.Parentsarekeptcloselyinformedoftheirchildren'sprogressandwillplayapartinhelpingtheirchildrentokeepupwithclass,sendingthemto'Juku'(privateeveningtuition)ifextrahelpisneededandencouragingthemtoworkharder.Itseemstowork,atleastfor95percentoftheschoolpopulation.
FSowhatarethemajorcontributingfactorsinthesuccessofmathsteachingClearly,attitudesareimportant.EducationisvaluedgreatlyinJapaneseculture;mathsisrecognisedasanimportantcompulsorysubjectthroughoutschooling;andtheemphasisisonhardworkcoupledwithafocusonaccuracy.
Otherrelevantpointsrelatetothesupportiveattitudeofaclasstowardsslowerpupils,thelackofcompetitionwithinaclass,andthepositiveemphasisonlearningforoneselfandimprovingone'sownstandard.Andtheviewofrepetitivelyboringlessonsandlearningthefactsbyheart,whichissometimesquotedinrelationtoJapaneseclasses,maybeunfairandunjustified.Nopoormathslessonswereobserved.Theyweremainlygoodandoneortwowereinspirational.
Questions6-9
DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1Inboxes6-9onyouranswersheet,writeYESifthestatementagreeswiththeclaimsofthewriterNOifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriterNOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis6ThereisawiderrangeofachievementamongstEnglishpupilsstudyingmathsthanamongsttheirJapanesecounterparts.7ThepercentageofGrossNationalProductspentoneducationgenerallyreflectsthelevelofattainmentinmathematics.8PrivateschoolsinJapanaremoremodernandspaciousthanstate-runlowersecondaryschools.9TeachersmarkhomeworkinJapaneseschools.
Questions10-13
Choosethecorrectletter,A,B,CorD.Writethecorrectletterinboxes10-13onyouranswersheet.10MathstextbooksinJapaneseschoolsareAcheapforpupilstobuy.Bwellorganisedandadaptedtotheneedsofthepupils.CwrittentobeusedinconjunctionwithTVprogrammes.DnotverypopularwithmanyJapaneseteachers.11Whenanewmathstopicisintroduced,Astudentsanswerquestionsontheboard.Bstudentsrelyentirelyonthetextbook.Citiscarefullyandpatientlyexplainedtothestudents.Ditisusualforstudentstouseextraworksheets.12HowdoschoolsdealwithstudentswhoexperiencedifficultiesATheyaregivenappropriatesupplementarytuition.BTheyareencouragedtocopyfromotherpupils.CTheyareforcedtoexplaintheirslowprogress.DTheyareplacedinamixed-abilityclass.13WhydoJapanesestudentstendtoachieverelativelyhighratesofsuccessinmathsAItisacompulsorysubjectinJapan.BTheyareusedtoworkingwithouthelpfromothers.CMucheffortismadeandcorrectanswersareemphasised.DThereisastrongemphasisonrepetitivelearning.
READINGPASSAGE1真题解析:
篇章结构体裁:说明文主题:数学崛起之地结构:SectionA:日本数学教育成绩辉煌SectionB:日本中学教育背景简介SectionC:文部省的作用SectionD:日本数学课的标准流程SectionE:如何帮助后进学生SectionF:日本数学教育成功的要素
解题地图难度系数:★★★☆解题顺序:USTOFHEADINGS→MULTIPLECHOICE→YES/NO/NOTGIVEN友情提示:本篇的YES/NO/NOTGIVEN前两题是9分杀手,任何想要取得高分的考生都应该特别注意这种文字崎岖、立意阴险的题目,翻译是关键点。
必背词汇
1.attainmentn.成就:能力Sheisayoungwomanofimpressiveeducationalattainments.她是一位学业成就斐然的年轻女子。ThePh.D.,atraditionaldegree,signifiesthehighestlevelofadvancedscholarlyattainment.博士学位是一种很传统的学位,代表着高级学术成就的最高水平。
2.variationn.变化;变体Currencyexchangeratesarealwayssubjecttovariation.货币的兑换率总是在波动。Mostofhispoemsarevariationsonthethemeoflove.他的诗歌大多数是在用不同形式歌颂爱情。
3.consistentadj.一致的,始终如一的She'stheteam'smostconsistentplayer.她是全队表现最稳定的选手。Weneedtobeconsistentinourapproach.我们得采取一致的方法。
4.standardisev.使标准化AttemptstostandardiseEnglishspellinghaveneverbeensuccessful.规范英文拼写的尝试从没有成功过。Wewillextendandstandardiselegalservicesandprovideeffectivelegalaid.我们将会拓展和规范法律服务,提供有效的法律援助。
5.identityn.身份;同一性Ourstrongsenseofnationalidentityhasbeenshapedbyourhistory.历史造就了我们强烈的民族认同感。Myfatherexperiencedanidentitycrisisinmiddleage.我父亲在中年时经历了一场认同危机。
6.loyaltyn.忠诚Elizabethunderstoodherhusband'sloyaltytohissister.Elizabeth理解丈夫对他姐姐的忠诚。Intheruralareas,familyandtriballoyaltiescontinuetobeimportant.在农村地区,忠于家庭和宗族这一点仍然很重要。
7.setout设置,安排;阐述Herworkisalwaysverywellsetout.她总是把工作安排得非常好。Hesetoutthereasonsforhisdecisioninhisreport.他在报告中阐述了此决定的缘由。
8.accessibleadj.容易理解的,易懂的;易到达的Hewantshismusictobeaccessibletoeveryone.他希望他的音乐通俗易懂。Computersshouldbemadereadilyaccessibletoteachersandpupils.要让老师和学生都能用上电脑。
9.elaboratev.详细解释Hesaidhehadnewevidence,butrefusedtoelaborateanyfurther.他说他找到了新证据,却不肯进一步详细解释。McDonaldrefusedtoelaborateonhisreasonsforresigning.McDonald拒绝详细说明他辞职的原因。
10.supplementaryadj.补充的,额外的Weneedsomesupplementaryreadingmaterials.我们需要一些补充阅读材料。Theseconclusionsaresupplementarytotheformers.这些结论对前人的研究起到了补充作用。
11.fosterv.培养;培育Thebishophelpedfosterthesenseofacommunityembracingallclasses.主教致力于培养一种包容各个阶层的团结感。Thecouplewantedtoadopttheblackchildtheyhadbeenfostering.这对夫妇想收养他们一直照料的那个黑人小孩。
12.accuracyn.准确性。精确度Hepassestheballwithunerringaccuracy.他准确无误地将球传了出去。Theexpertworriesabouttheaccuracyofgovernmentstatistics.那位专家担心官方数据的准确性。
认知词汇proportionn.比例,部分incidentallyadv.顺便一提;偶然地coverv.包括,涉及virtuallyadv.几乎;事实上stateschool公立学校privatesector私立部门spaciousadj.宽敞的letoffsteam放松一下;释放多余的精力addressn.问候;称呼mutualadj.相互的,彼此的unstreamedadj.不按智力分班的neighbourhoodn.邻近的地方,社区rankingn.排名;等级concentrationn.集中compulsoryeducation义务教育presumablyadv.大概,预估inexpensiveadj.便宜的keenadj.热衷于centralisev.使集中deliverv.实现;履行patternn.模式commentv.讲评,解释schoolingn.学校教育ignorancen.无知distributev.分发comprehensiveadj.全面的,综合的homogeneityn.齐次性renderv.使成为,使变得circulatev.周巡,巡视strugglern.苦苦挣扎的人(这里指后进学生)contributingfactor起作用的因素unjustifiedadj.不公正的inspirationaladj.鼓舞人心的,启发灵感的
佳句赏析
2.Onlyrarelyaresupplementaryworksheetsdistributedinamathsclass.参考译文:数学课上,老师只在极少数情况下才会发一些补充练习。语言点:only放在句首时的倒装结构。例如:Onlyinthisway,canyoulearnEnglishwell.只有这样,你才能学好英语。onlyafterbeingaskedthreetimesdidhecometothemeeting.他被请三次才来参加会议。Onlybyshoutingatthetopofhisvoicewasheabletomakehimselfheard.他声嘶力竭地呼喊才能让众人听到。Onlyinthiswaycanweachievewhatwewant.只有这样,我们才能得到自己想要的。如果句子为主从复合句,则主句倒装,从句不倒装。例如:Onlywhenheisseriouslyilldoesheeverstayinbed.病得很重时,他才卧床休息。
试题解析
Questions1-5
题目类型:LISTOFHEADINGS题目解析:首先,考生应该忽略例子当中已经选出的iv项;接着,浏览所有的Headings,找出关键词。
第1题定位词:background,middle-yearseducation文中对应点:SectionB首句:LowersecondaryschoolsinJapancover…作为LISTOFHEADINGS的第一个题目,此题还是稍有难度的,因为需要通读SectionB的全部内容才能看出这是在讲日本中学的教育背景。如果单纯用首句中的lowersecondaryschools来对应题目中的middle-yearseducation也能够得到答案,但是需要一定程度的大胆推测。正确答案为vii。
第2题定位词:Monbusho文中对应点:SectionC:Monbusho,aspartof…Monbushoalsodecides…Monbusho在文中第一次出现于SectionC,单凭这一点就能够锁定正确答案了。如果找到本段Monbusho出现的两个地方:Everyonehastheirowncopyofthetextbooksuppliedbythecentraleducationauthority,Monbusho…以及末句…Monbushoalsodecidesthehighlycentralisednationalcurriculumandhowitistobedelivered.,就可以推测出这一段在讲Monbusho的影响。故正确答案为i。
第3题定位词:typicalformat文中对应点:SectionD首句:Lessonsallfollowthesamepattern.读首句就能够判断本题答案,题干中的format与文中的pattern属于同义转述。故正确答案为v。
第4题定位词:lesssuccessfulStudents文中对应点:SectionE第一小段:…anystrugglerswouldbeassistedbytheteacherorquietlyseekhelpfromtheirneighbour.SectionE第二小段:Parentsarekeptcloselyinformedoftheirchildren'sprogressandwillplayapartinhelpingtheirchildrentokeepupwithclass,sendingthemto'Juku'(privateeveningtuition)ifextrahelpisneededandencouragingthemtoworkharder.
本题稍有难度,对应信息分布较广。SectionE中第一段的对应句说的是后进生在学校里得到的帮助;第二段的对应句则在讨论家长如何帮助孩子跟上班级的进度。定位词与文中的strugglers属于同义转述。故正确答案为ii。
第5题定位词:key,successes文中对应点:SectionF首句:SowhatarethemajorcontributingfactorsinthesuccessofmathsteachingSectionF开头设问道:“那么什么是日本数学教学成功的主要因素呢”下面紧接着回答:显然态度是重要的,然后具体解说态度如何重要。其中的contributingfactors与key相对应。故正确答案是viii。
题目类型:YES/NO/NOTGIVEN
第6题定位词:Englishpupils,Japanesecounterparts解题关键词:awiderrangeofachievement文中对应点:SectionA:…haveestablishedthatnotonlydidJapanesepupilsatage13havebetterscoresofaverageattainment,buttherewasalsoalargerproportionof,‘low’attainersinEngland,where,incidentally,thevariationinattainmentscoreswasmuchgreater.……证实,13岁的日本学生平均分数更高,同时也证实了英国表现“不佳”的学生比例更大,而且,顺便说一句,英国学生分数的变化也比日本学生大得多。本题解题关键是搞清楚where后面引导的定语从句。在将英日两国13岁学生的成绩进行比较时,作者先说日本学生平均成绩较高,接着说英国低分学生比较多,而且英国学生分数跨度比较大。如果不仔细看,此题目很可能选成NOTGIVEN。答案:YES
第7题定位词:GrossNationalProduct解题关键词:generallyreflects文中对应点:本题很容易定位到SectionA最后一句话:ThepercentageofGrossNationalProductspentoneducationisreasonablysimilarinthetwocountries,sohowisthishigherandmoreconsistentattainmentinmathsachieved两个国家在教育上的国民生产总值比例十分相近,那日本是如何实现这一更高、更稳定的数学成绩的呢这个问句表明日本投入同样的GNP却能够产生更好的数学成绩,显然,教育水平高低不能单纯以GNP投入论之。此题也具有一定的迷惑性。答案:NO
第8题定位词:privateschools,state-runlowersecondaryschools解题关键词:moremodernandspacious文中对应点:本题属于典型的比较关系不存在的NOTGIVEN题目。多个信息词文中SectionB都出现过,但就是没有提到题目中所说的关系。这种类型的题目,对于经历过剑4到剑7洗礼的考生们,应该比较容易。答案:NOTGIVEN
第9题定位词:markhomework解题关键词:teacher文中对应点:SecdonD:Pupilsmarktheirownhomework:thisisanimportantprincipleinJapaneseschooling…学生自己批改作业:这在日本的学校教育中是一条重要原则……本题定位信息比较明确,可轻松判断出答案。答案:NO
题目类型:MULTIPLECHOICE题目解析:解题小窍门:读清题干巧定位、四个选项要读完、绝对only排除掉、正确选项在中间。
第10题定位词:mathstextbooks题目解析:题目:日本的数学教材:A.价格便宜,利于学生购买。B.编写合理,适应学生需求。C.编写时考虑到和电视节目相结合。D.在许多日本教师中不是很受欢迎。对应点在文中有两处:一处在SectionC中部:Thesetextbooksare,onthewhole,small,presumablyinexpensivetoproduce,butwellsetoutandlogicallydeveloped.另一处在SectionD第二小段中:Theimpressionisthatthelogicalnatureofthetextbooksandtheircomprehensivecoverageofdliferenttypesofexamples.combinedwiththerelativehomogeneityoftheclass,rendersworksheetsunnecessary.这两句话中的wellsetout,logicallydeveloped,thelogicalnature,comprehensivecoverage就相当于选项B中的wellorganised。故正确答案为B。
第13题定位词:此题的问句形式题目解析:题目,为什么日本学生相对能在数学方面取得较好的成绩A.因为数学在日本是必修课。B.他们习惯于没有帮助独自学习。C.学生们付出很多努力并且正确答案很受重视。D.特别重视重复学习。通过题干的问句形式定位到SectionF第一句,接下来的内容即为答案所在:Clearly,attitudesareimportant.EducationisvaluedgreadyinJapaneseculture;mathsisrecognisedasanimportantcompulsorysubjectthroughoutschooling;andtheemphasisisonhardworkcoupledwithafocusonaccuracy.其中的hardwork和afocusonaccuracy分别对应C项中的mucheffort和correctanswersareemphasised。B、D两项在SectionF中根本没有提及;A项虽然提及,但不是根本原因。故正确答案是C。
参考译文
数学崛起之地
A.就数学的平均成绩而言,日本的纪录要比英格兰和威尔士好得多。20世纪60年代以来,就学生数学成绩所做的大量国际样本比较研究证实,13岁的日本学生平均分数更高,同时也证实了英国表现“不佳”的学生比例更大,而且,顺便说一句,英国学生分数的变化也比日本学生大得多。两个国家在教育上的国民生产总值比例十分相近,那日本是如何实现这一更高、更稳定的数学成绩的呢
C.传统的教学方式是课堂的基础,学生们安安静静地对老师指出的重点和给出的示例做笔记。每个学生都有自己的课本,由中央教育机构文部省(Monbusho)提供,这也是15岁以下的公民享有免费义务教育理念的一部分。总体来说,这些课本体积较小,制作成本可能比较低,但排版精美,结构合理。(有一位老师特别热衷于在数学课本中引入色彩和插图:他觉得这样的课本更容易被在卡通文化背景下长大的学生所接受。)除了批准使用课本,文部省还负责制定高度集中化的全国统一课程及其执行方式。
D.所有的课堂都遵循相同的模式。一上课,学生先把家庭作业的答案写在黑板上,然后由老师讲评、纠正,必要时进行详细解释。学生自己批改作业:这在日本的学校教育中是一条重要原则,因为这样做可以让学生认识到自己在哪里犯了错误,为什么会犯错误,从而避免今后再犯同样的错误。没有人在意你的错误或者无知,只要你能从中有所收获。
讨论完家庭作业之后,教师就开始讲解本堂课的主题,速度很慢,有很多重复和详细解释。所有例子都在黑板上演示;课本上的一些问题先在课堂上由大家一起完成,另外一些问题随后再单独布置给每个学生。数学课上,老师只在极少数情况下才会发一些额外的练习册。给人的印象是,课本的逻辑性,其中对各种例子的全面涵盖,再加上学生水平整齐划一,使得练习册无用武之地。布置完作业,教师就会在教室里转一转,以确保所有学生都没有进一步的问题。
F.那么什么是日本数学教学成功的主要因素呢显然,态度是很重要的。在日本文化中,教育极受重视;数学被视作整个学校教育过程中一门重要的必修科目;刻苦努力和精益求精是重中之重。其他关乎成功的因素包括班级对后进生的支持态度,班级内没有竞争,积极强调为自己而学习以及提高自身的水平等。“重复乏味的课堂和死记硬背事实性知识”不时被引用来描述日本的课堂,这种观点也许是不公平也不公正的。观摩中并没有看到糟糕的数学课,基本上都不错,且其中一两堂课还让人感到很有启发性。