-.z动词过去式变化规则及其读音规则规则动词的过去式变化如下:1、一般情况下,动词词尾加-ed,如:work---workedplay---playedwanted----wantedact----acted
2、以不发音的-e结尾动词,动词词尾加-d,如:live---livedmove----movedtaste---tastedhope---hoped
3、以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,把-y变为-i再加-ed,如:study---studiedcopy---copiedcry---criedcarry---carried
4、以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加-ed,如:
stop---stopped
5、不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆。go–wentmake–madeget–gotbuy–boughte-camefly-flew
不规则动词的过去式的构成1.把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式。如:begin—began,drink—drank,give—gave,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam
2.把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式。如:drive—drove,ride—rode,write—wrote
3.改动词原形中的aw/ow为ew,变成过去式。如:draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw〔动词show除外,show—showed〕4.动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式。如:get—got,forget—forgot
5.动词原形中的ee改为e,变成过去式。如:feed—fed,meet—met
6.动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式。如:keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept
7.动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式。如:break—broke,speak—spoke
8.动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式。如:
sell—sold,tell—told
9.动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式。如:stand—stood,understand—understood
10.以ought和aught结尾,且读音是〔:t〕的过去式。如:bring—brought,buy—bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught
11.以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式。如:can—could,shall—should,will—would
12.把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式。如:e—came,bee—became
13.在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变。如:hear〔hi〕—heard〔h:d〕,say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕,mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕
14.动词的过去式与动词原形一样。如:let—let,must—must,put—put,read—read〔red〕15.不符合上述规律的动词过去式。如:am,is—was,are—were,build—built,do—did,eat—ate,fall—fell,feel—felt,find—found,fly—flew,go—went,have/has—had,hold—held,leave—left,make—made,may—might,run—ran,see—saw,take—took
过去式“-ed〞的发音规则
〔1〕动词词尾为“t,d〞时,发/id/音,
want→wanted〔要〕need→needed〔需要〕
〔2〕动词词尾为清辅音时,发/t/音。
help→helped〔帮助〕laugh→laughed〔笑〕look→looked〔看〕
kiss→kissed〔吻〕wash→washed〔洗〕watch→watched〔注视〕
〔3〕动词词尾为t,d以外之浊辅音或元音时,发/d/音。
现在分词加ing的规则
现在分词是在动词后加上ing构成。如:starting,working,ing,sitting等都是现在分词。现在分词的变化规则是固定的,大家用心记一下就可以了。(1)直接在谓语动词后加ing.例如:going,starting,working.(2)去掉词尾不发音的e,再加ing.例如leaving,dining.注意:如果单词结尾的e发音,则不能去掉,也直接加ing.例如:see-seeing/agree-agreeing.另外,有少数动词比拟特殊,请用心记住:例如:lie-lying/die-dying/tie-tying/piic-piicking.(3)对于重读闭音节词,双写末尾字母再加ing.例如:sitting,beginning.这一条规律,必须要弄清什么是“重读闭音节〞。下面再举一些双写的例子:run-runningstop-stoppingcut-cuttingcontrol-controlling动词不定式、动名词用法要点讲解详细容⒈不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:
(1)把不定式置于句首。如:
Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.
(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于以下句式中。如:
①It+be+名词+todo
It'sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.
②Ittakessb+sometime+todo
Howlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework
③It+be+形容词+forsb+todo
Itisdifficultforustofinishwritingthepositioninaquarterofanhour.
④It+be+形容词+ofsb+todo
Itisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingtheteachersays.
⑤Itseems(appears)+形容词+todo
Itseemedimpossibletosavemoney.
在句型③中,常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等;在句型④中,常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb,可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sbis+形容词+todo句式,如:It'skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.=YouarekindtohelpmewithmyEnglish.
⒉动名词作主语
Learningwithoutpracticeisnogood.
动名词作主语时,也常用It句式。如:
①It's+nogood(nouse,fun,apleasure,awasteoftime)+doing…
It'snogoodreadingindimlight.
It'snousesittingherewaiting.
②It's+形容词+doing
It'sdangerousswimmingintheseainwindydays.
这样用的形容词有e*pensive,nice,tiring等,但important,necessary则不适用于这种构造,应用不定式代替,如:It'simportantforyoutokeepfit.
③Thereisno+doing
Thereisnosayingwhatwillhappenne*t.
在这一构造中,动名词后常带宾语,相当于"It'simpossibleto…"构造。
⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别
①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作,常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起;而动名词作主语经常表示抽象动作,经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如:
It'snogoodeatingtoomuchfat.
It'snogoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.
②动名词构造作主语,可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如:
It'snouseyourpretendingthatyoudidn'tknowtherules.
二、作宾语
⒈不定式作宾语
①以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语。如:agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,e*pect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,
manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等,这些词大局部可接that引导的从句。如:
Idecidedtoaskformymoneyback.
IdecidedthatIwouldaskformymoneyback.
Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,wee*pectedtostartbackonfoot.
Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,wee*pectedthatwewouldstartbackonfoot.
②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:主语+动词+it+补语+todo句式。如:
Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.
Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.
③介词but,e*cept,besides+todo(do)
在这种句型中,如介词前有动词do,后面应接不带to的不定式;如无do,则接to不定式,即带do不带to,带to不带do。如:
Theenemysoldiershadnochoicebuttogivein.
OnSundayafternoonIhadnothingtodobutwatchTV.
⒉动名词作宾语
①以下动词后,只能接动名词作宾语,如:admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don'tmind,giveup,insist,on,putoff等。如:
Isuggestspendingoursummervacationinaseasidetown.
Youmustgiveupsmoking,foritdoestoomuchharmtoyourhealth.
②动名词作介词的宾语
Ishouldgotoattendthebirthdaycelebrationinsteadofstayingathome.
WhataboutinvitingLiJuntomakeaspeech
动名词前的介词有时可以省略,如:havedifficulty(in)doing,havenotrouble(in)doing,losenotime(in)doing,prevent/stop…(from)doing,thereisnouse(in)doing等。
⒊局部动词后面,既可接动词不定式,也可接动名词作宾语,意义不变。如:begin,continue,start,hate,like,love,need,require,want等。
在need,require,want后接-ing形式,表示被动意义,也可接不定式,但要用被动形式,如:Yourhandwritingneedsimproving(tobeimproved).hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件,接动名词表示目前正在进展的活动或一般的行为。
在以下情况下,一般要用不定式:
①hate,like,love前有would(should)时,如:I'dliketohaveacupofcoffee.
②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进展式时,如:Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.
③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时,如:Isoonbegantounderstandwhat
washappening.
⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语。如:
Ourteachersdon'tpermitourswimminginthelake.
Ourteachersdon'tpermitustoswiminthelake.
⒌局部动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差异较大,应根据句子语境选择使用。
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生。如:
Don'tforgetfoposttheletterforme.
HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport
Remembertoclosethewindowsbeforeyouleave.
Irememberwritinghimaletterayearago.
Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting.
Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad.
②meantodo打算做*事doing意味着……
Imeanttocatchupwiththeearlybus.
Thismeanswastingalotofmoney.
③trytodo设法尽力做*事doing试着做*事
Youshouldtrytoovereyourshortings.
Tryworkingoutthephysicsprobleminanotherway.
④stoptodo停下一件事去做另一件事〔不定式作目的状语〕doing停顿做*事Onthewaytotheairport,Istoppedtobuyapaper.
You'dbetterstoparguinganddoasyouaretold.
⑤can'thelpdoing禁不住……
todo不能帮助干……
Theycouldn'thelpjumpingupatthenews.
SorryIhavelotsofworktodo.SoIcan'thelptomakeuptheroomforyou.
⑥goontodo做不同的事或不同容的事
doing继续不停地做*事,指同一动作的继续
Hewentontotalkaboutworldsituation.他接着又谈了世界形势。
We'llgoonfightingsolongasthereisoppressionintheworld.
⑦leaveofftodo离开*地去干什么〔目的状语〕
doing停下*事
It'stimetoleaveofftalkingandtostartacting.
Theyleftofftogofishing.
三、做表语
不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。
①Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.
②Mychiefpurposeistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.
③WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.
当主语和表语都是不定式时,其含义一是条件,一是结果〔例①〕。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mistake,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组〔例②〕时,或以what引导的名词性分句〔例③〕,不定式说明主语的容。
④Ourworkisservingthepeople.
⑤Whathelikesistakingawalkaftersupper.
⑥ThestorytoldbyMr.Wangisinteresting.
④⑤句动名词作表语,与主语局部可以转换,如Servingthepeopleisoutwork,而⑥句中是现在分词作表语,说明主语的性质、状态,现在分词具有形容词的各种特征,另外,动名词作表语还应与进展时态区别开来。
四、作定语
⒈不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如:
①Thene*ttraintoarriveisfromWashington.
②Haveyouanythingtobetakentoyoursister
③Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion
④Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon
⑤MywishtovisitFrancehasetrueatlast.
不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系:
(1)表示将来的动作〔例①〕。
(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,如是不及物动词,则需加介词〔例④〕。
(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系,同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时,尽管有被动含义,却仍用主动语态〔例③〕;如只有动宾关系,而无逻辑上的主谓关系,则需用被动语态〔例②〕。
(4)不定式作定语时,一般可转换为定语从句,例①toarrive=thatwillarrive。
⒉动名词作定语
①Thispassagecanbeusedaslisteningmaterials.
②Thereadingroomofourschoollibrarycanhold800people.
③Allmovingbodieshaveenergy.
①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能,即:用来……的;第③句为现在分词作定语,单个分词作定语常置于被修饰词之前,与被修饰词之间,可构成逻辑上的主谓关系,分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如:ThemanstandingattheschoolgateisProfessorHua.
五、不定式作补足语
⒈作宾语补足语
一些及物动词除要求按宾语外,有时还需要有宾语补足语,说明宾语的行为、状态、特征,这时意思才相对完整。
(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有:allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive〔强迫〕,encourage,e*pect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等。如:
①WouldyoulikemetogiveyourregardstoMary
②Iwantyoutounderstandthewholepassageclearly.
(2)局部动词后常接tobe+形容词、名词短语等形式,有时tobe可省略,如:believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understand等。
①WeallbelieveJohn(tobe)honest.
②Iconsiderhim(tobe)oneofthebestbiologyteachersofNo.1MiddleSchool.
但当不定式是完成式时,to不能省略,如:Weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish.
(3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。
①Ididn'thearanyonesayanythingaboutit.
②Theymakethestudentsdotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.
这种句式在变为被动语态时,to不能省略,如第②句:Thestudentsaremadetodotoomuchhomework
everyday.
(4)help,know后面的"to"可有可无。如:
Wouldyoupleasehelpme(to)fillintheta*form
I'veneverknownher(to)belatebefore.但:HewasknowntohavebeentoFrancebefore.
(5)局部短语动词后,常接不定式作宾补,如:
Youmaydependonthemtobethereearly.
ThePartycallsonustoincreaseproductionandpractiseeconomy.
常这样用的短语动词有:askfor,carefor,callon,counton,dependon,waitfor,longfor〔渴望〕,preparefor,wishfor等。
⒉作主语补足语
不定式作主语补足语,和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如:
①Hewasnotallowedtoentertheclassroomforbeinglate.
②Theyounguniversitystudentisconsideredtohavegreatpromise.
六、不定式作状语
⒈作目的状语
(1)①Istayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.
②Henryhasdecidedtogotothehospitaltobee*aminedbythedoctor.
(2)有时为了强调,不定式前可加inorder或soas。如:
Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoas(inorder)nottoforgetit.
有时为强调目的状语可把inorderto或不定式置于句首,但soasto不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部分可转换为sothat,inorderthat,成为目的状语从句,如:
Istayedtheresothat(inorderthat)Icouldseewhatwouldhappen.
(3)在局部表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式,如:astonished,glad,happy,laugh,pleased,sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。
①Wearegladtohearthenews.
②Iwassurprisedtoseethatathree-year-oldbabycouldwritesowell.
在局部形容词后接不定式,用主动形式表示被动意义,这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如:Thequestionraisedbythestudentisdifficulttoanswer.
Theroomisreallyfortabletolivein.
常这样用的形容词有:fortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,e*pensive,fit,impossible等。
⒉作结果状语
Wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy.
不定式作结果状语还常用在以下句式中。如:
①so…asto;such…asto
I'mnotsostupid(afool)astoputitinwriting.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。
I'mnotsuchastupidfoolastoputitinwriting.
②enough…to
Thespeedishighenoughforustocatchupwiththefirstliner.
③onlyto
Janehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginthehospital.
④too…to
I'mtootiredtostayuplonger.
但在以下构造中,too…to并非是“太……而不能……〞之意。如:
①I'monlytoogladtohavepassedthee*am.考试及格我太快乐了。〔too修饰gladtohave…,相当于very〕
②Wehavetoomuchtolearn.我们要学的太多了〔不定式作定语〕。
⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分,用于句首、句中或句末。如:
Totellthetruth,theplaywasagreatdisappointmenttome.
常见的短语有tobee*act〔确切地说〕,tobeginwith〔首先〕,todohimjustice〔说句对他公正的话〕,tobesure〔真的〕等等。
七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法
⒈疑问词+不定式构造
疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如:
①WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.
②Mr.Smithdidn'tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere.
③IaskedProfessor*uhowtolearnEnglishwell.
④Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded.
以上例句中疑问词+不定式局部,均可转换为相应的从句形式。如:①Whenweshallleave…③…howI
couldlearn…
经常在这种构造中使用的动词有:consider,decide,discover,e*plain,findout,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等。
⒉动词不定式的时态、语态
(1)时态
①一般式:动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后,有时表示同时发生。如:
Ihopetobeeauniversitystudentthisyear.〔tobee发生在hope之后〕
WeoftenhearDickplaythepianointhene*troom.〔play和hear同时发生〕
②完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如:
I'msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.
Wearetooyoungtohaveseentheoldsociety.
③进展式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如:
TheteacherhappenedtobecorrectingourpaperswhenIcamein.
Theyseemedtobediscussingsomethingimportant.
(2)语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如:
It'sagreathonourtobeinvitedtoMary'sbirthdayparty.〔不定式作主语〕Itwasimpossibleforlosttimetobemadeup.〔不定式作主语〕Iwishtobesenttoworkinthecountry.〔不定式作宾语〕
Canyoutellmewhichisthecartoberepaired〔不定式作定语〕
Hewenttothehospitaltobee*amined.〔不定式作状语〕
在Therebe构造中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动。如:Therearestillmanythingstotakecareof(tobetakencareof).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同,如:Theseisnothingtodonow.(Wehavenothingtodonow.)Thereisnothingtobedonenow.(Wecandonothingnow.)
⒊动名词的时态、语态
①一般式:动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指,也可与谓语动词同时发生,或发生在谓语动作之前、之后。如:
Weareinterestedincollectingstamps.
IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime.
Wearenotafraidofdying.
②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如:
Lmaginehavingtravelledonthemoon.
Wewerepraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.
(2)被动语态
①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者,动名词要用被动语态,动名词的被动语态有一般式与完成式之分。如:
Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed.
Hepridedhimselfonhavingneverbeenbeateninclass.
②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式,但表示被动意义。如:
Thebikeneedsrepairing.
Ifathingisworthdoing,itisworthdoingwell.
⒋在口语中,为防止重复,常用"to"代替不定式构造,有时甚至可以把to省略。如:
①—DidyougotovisittheGreatWall
—No,Iwantedto,buttherewasn'tenoughtime.
②—Wouldyouliketoetoaparty
—I'dloveto.
③—Don'tmakeanymistakesinyourhomework,willyou
—I'lltrynotto.
④—Trytobebackby12,won'tyou
—OK,I'lltry.
另外,begoingto,oughtto,usedto等也常用于这一构造中。
⒌在why引起的问句中,省略"to"。如:
Whyspendsuchalotofmoney
Whynotwaitforacoupleofdays
⒍当两个或更多作用一样的不定式并列使用时,只在第一个不定式前加"to"。如:
It'squitenecessaryforustoreadmoreandhavemorepractice.
⒎"to"在以下短语中是“介词〞,后接动名词或名词形式。如:
devote…to,faceupto〔勇敢地面对〕,lookforwardto〔盼望〕,objectto〔反对〕,taketo〔养成习惯,对……感兴趣;开场从事*种活动〕,beusedto〔习惯于〕等。不定式的用法不定式的用法不定式由“to+动词原形〞构成,其否认形式是“notto+动词原形〞。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语,但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时有“for+名词或代词宾格〞构成。
1.不定式的用法
1〕作主语。不定式短语作主语时,往往放在谓语之后,用it作形式宾语。如:
Toseeistobelieve.
Itisrighttogiveupsmoking.
2〕作宾语。不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后,而用it作形式宾语。如:
Hewantedtogo.
Ifinditinterestingtostudyhistory.
有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语,必须跟动名词。如:decide,plan,desire,e*pect,hope,wish,pretend,promise,refuse,afford,agree,ask,fail,tend,pretend,manage
3〕作宾语补足语。如:
Heaskedmetodotheworkwithhim.
注意:在feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带to。但这些句子如果变成被动构造时,就必须带to。如:
Ioftenhearhimsingthesong.
Heisoftenheardtosingthesong.
注意:动词不定式在介词but后面时,如果介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,则,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to。另外,在can’tchoosebut和can’thelpbut等后面的不定式也省略to。如:
Shecoulddonothingbutcry.
Ihavenochoicebuttogo.
4〕作定语。如:
Ihavesomebooksforyoutoread.
①作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。如:
Heislookingforaroomtolivein.
Thereisnothingtoworryabout.
Pleasegivemeaknifetocutwith.
但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way,不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。如:
Hehadnotmoneyandnoplacetolive.
②当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时,不定式既可以用主动语态,也可用被动语态,但其含义有所不同。试比拟:
Haveyouanythingtosend
〔你有什么东西要寄吗.——不定式tosend的动作执行者是“你〞〕
Haveyouanythingtobeseat.
[你有什么要〔我或别人〕寄的东西吗.——不定式tobesent的动作执行者是“我〞或“别人〞]
5〕作状语,表示目的、原因、结果或条件。如:
Icameheretoseeyou.〔目的〕
Wewereverye*citedtohearthenews.〔原因〕
Hehurriedtotheschooltofindnobodythere.〔结果〕
Tolookathim,youwouldlikehim.〔条件〕
目的状语还可以用inorderto或soasto来表示但soasto不能置于句首。如:
Inordertopassthee*am,heworkedveryhard.
Weranallthewaysoasnottobelate.
不定式也可以在作表语用的形容词后面作状语。如:
Iamverygladtohearit.
Thequestionisdifficulttoanswer.
“too+形容词或副词+不定式〞作状语。如:
Heistoooldtodothat.
另外,句子中有enough这个词时,常用不定式作状语。例如:
Theroomisbigenoughtoholdus.
6〕作表语。如:
Myjobistohelpthepatient.
7〕作独立成分。如:
Totellthetruth,Idon’tagreewithyou.
8〕不定式与疑问词who,which,when,where,how,what等连用,在句中起名词作用,可充当主语、表语、宾语等。如:
Hedidn’tknowwhattosay.〔宾语〕Howtosolvetheproblemisveryimportant.〔主语〕
注意:在与why连用时,只用于why或whynot开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。例如:
Whynothavearest
9〕不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式,多数情况下是容易判断的,但有时确实比拟复杂,请注意以下几点:
①不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。如:
Haveyougotakeytounlockthedoor
(Akeyunlocksthedoor.)
②不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式。
Ihavegotalettertowrite.〔Iwriteletter.〕
Heneedsaroomtolivein.〔Helivesinaroom.〕
Iknowwhattodo.〔Idowhat.〕
但这句如改为以下形式,不定式就得用被动形式:Iknowwhatistobedone.
这是因为whatistobedone是宾语从句,从句中的主语what是动词do的动作对象。
③不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了forsb.。如:
Heishardtotalkto.〔totalktohim〕
Thebookisdifficulttounderstand.〔tounderstandthebook〕
④在therebe构造中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成*件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成,则用被动形式。
Thereisalotofworktodo.〔Somebodyhastodothework.〕
Thereisalotofworktobedone.〔Theworkhastobedone.〕
请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的:
Thereisnothingtodo.〔无事可做,感到十分乏味。〕
Thereisnothingtobedone.〔*东西坏了,无法使之恢复正常。〕
2.不定式的时态
1〕不定式的一般形式所表示的动作,通常与谓语的动作〔状态〕同时〔或几乎同时〕发生,或是在它之后发生。例如:
Isawhimgoout.
2〕如果谓语表示的动作〔情况〕发生时,不定式表示的动作正在进展,这时不定式就要用进展式。例如:
Hepretendedtobereadingabookwhenshewentin.
3〕如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前,就要用完成式。例如:
I’msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.
3.不定式的语态
当不定式逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。如:
Heaskedtobesenttoworkinthecountryside.
Itispossibleforourhopestoberealized.
4.不定式符号to的保存问题
有时为了防止重复,可以用to来代替前面的不定式,这种情况常出现以下动词后:e*pect,prefer,care,mean,forget,want,wis